Disease relevance of Water-Electrolyte Balance

• Patch-clamp experiments with Escherichia coli envelope have revealed a mechanosensitive channel with very large conductance (MscL) and one with a smaller conductance (MscS) which may be important in osmoregulation [1].
• Aquaporin-4 is abundant in brain and probably participates in reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid, osmoregulation, and regulation of brain edema [2].
• These studies suggest water/solute transporting roles for MIWC and GLIP in the urinary concentrating mechanism, cerebrospinal fluid absorption, ocular fluid balance, fecal dehydration, and airway humidification [3].
• Arginine vasopressin (AVP), or antidiuretic hormone, is the principal physiological regulator of water and electrolyte balance, and disruption of the normal AVP response to osmotic stimuli is a common cause of dilutional hyponatremia in neurological disorders [4].
• Important new developments have been made in the research of LABs in the areas of multidrug resistance, bacteriocins and quorum sensing, osmoregulation, proteolysis, autolysins and bacteriophages [5].

Psychiatry related information on Water-Electrolyte Balance

• Using hybridization analysis, we further show that the amount of rat preproCDD-ANF mRNA, which is synthesized selectively in the atria but not the ventricles, markedly decreases on water deprivation, suggesting that the water-electrolyte balance may be an important factor in the regulation of the expression of the preproCDD-ANF gene [6].
• Vasopressin is a naturally available neuropeptide that subserves important vasomotor, antinociceptive, behavior control, fluid and electrolyte balance, platelet aggregation and blood coagulation functions [7].
• We conclude that osmoregulation of vasopressin in humans is mediated by a selective osmoreceptor that is located primarily outside of the blood-brain barrier and that individual differences in osmoregulatory sensitivity are not solute specific [8].

High impact information on Water-Electrolyte Balance

• Abnormalities in the osmoregulation of plasma arginine vasopressin were not accounted for by nonosmotic stimuli and were almost always associated with an absolute increase in the level of arginine vasopressin in the cerebrospinal fluid or a reversal of the normal (less than 1.0) cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratio of arginine vasopressin [9].
• Angiotensin II, a potent regulator of blood pressure and of water and electrolyte balance, binds to two different G-protein-coupled receptors [10].
• Under normal physiological conditions aldose reductase participates in osmoregulation, but under hyperglycaemic conditions it contributes to the onset and development of severe complications in diabetes [11].
• Homologies among bacterial signal transduction proteins suggest that a common mechanism mediates processes such as chemotaxis, osmoregulation, sporulation, virulence, and responses to nitrogen, phosphorous and oxygen deprivation [12].
• The EnvZ molecule has a membrane topology similar to Tar and is a putative osmosensor that is required for osmoregulation of the genes for the major outer membrane porin proteins, OmpF and OmpC [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Water-Electrolyte Balance

• Escherichia coli osmosensor EnvZ is a protein histidine kinase that plays a central role in osmoregulation, a cellular adaptation process involving the His-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system [14].
• Adaptation of Escherichia coli to high osmolarity environments: osmoregulation of the high-affinity glycine betaine transport system proU [15].
• Diabetic neuropathy may be an example of maladaptive osmoregulation, nerve damage and instability being aggravated by taurine depletion [16].
• Hyponatremia and osmoregulation of vasopressin secretion in patients with intracranial bleeding [17].
• These results indicate that the osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin secretion is frequently impaired in postpartum hypopituitarism, suggesting neurohypophyseal damage [18].

Biological context of Water-Electrolyte Balance

• In the renal inner medulla, where sorbitol production plays a role in cellular osmoregulation, AR gene expression has been shown to be osmotically regulated [19].
• The weight, basal metabolic rate, nutrient and electrolyte balance, serum insulin-like growth factor I levels, D-xylose absorption, morphology and DNA proliferation of small intestinal mucosa, and gastrointestinal transit were evaluated [20].
• Moreover, our observations implicate PP2C enzymes as also having an important role in signal transduction processes involved in osmoregulation, probably acting to negatively regulate the osmosensing signal that is transmitted through Wis1 MAP kinase kinase [21].
• In rats, the concerted release of oxytocin and vasopressin, which is determined by the firing rate of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs), plays a key role in osmoregulation through the effects of natriuresis and diuresis [22].
• In vivo osmoregulation of this extrachromosomal proU-lacZ fusion gene at low copy number showed that the plasmid-encoded fusion contained all the necessary sequences in cis for correctly receiving osmoregulatory signals during induction by osmotic stress and repression by glycine betaine [23].

Anatomical context of Water-Electrolyte Balance

• Sodium chloride ingestion is stimulated during conditions of sodium deficiency to maintain body fluid and electrolyte balance [24].
• We have addressed both these issues using a suspension of rat outer medullary kidney tubules, nephron segments responsible for the fine control of total body volume and electrolyte balance [25].
• ANP has previously been localized in neurons of the rat brain in regions subserving cardiovascular functions and fluid/electrolyte balance and has been localized in astroglia of the canine brain [26].
• Some epididymal functions, including smooth muscle contraction and regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, are mediated by Ang II in other tissues [27].
• These results strengthen the notion of an implication of taurine and glial cells in the regulation of the whole-body fluid balance through the modulation of vasopressin release [28].

Associations of Water-Electrolyte Balance with chemical compounds

• High levels of glutamine- and N-acetyl-L-glutamate-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase activity are present in liver extracts of marine species of fish that retain high levels of urea in their tissues for the purpose of osmoregulation [29].
• We conclude that prolonged exposure to high altitude may result in persistent impairment of osmoregulation, caused in part by an inappropriate arginine-vasopressin response to hyperosmolality [30].
• This study suggests that gammaENaC facilitates neonatal lung liquid clearance and is critical for renal Na+ and K+ transport, and that low level Na+ transport may be sufficient for perinatal lung liquid absorption but insufficient to maintain electrolyte balance by the distal nephron [31].
• Sorbitol, osmoregulation, and the complications of diabetes [32].
• Among the processes which vasopressin can influence are several of significance in the symptom-complex of affective illness, including alterations in memory, changes in pain sensitivity, synchronisation of biological rhythms, the timing and quality of R.E.M. sleep, and the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance [33].

Gene context of Water-Electrolyte Balance

• The Wis1 sequence is most closely related to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MEK encoded by PBS2, which is required for osmoregulation [21].
• On the basis of these results, the molecular mechanism of osmoregulation of ompF and ompC is discussed [34].
• A salt treatment of A. thaliana plants resulted in a 5-fold induction of the AT-P5C1 transcript, suggesting osmoregulation of the AT-P5C1 promoter region [35].
• Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase implicated in cellular osmoregulation and detoxification [36].
• These results suggest a concerted function of the Sit4 phosphatase and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in osmoregulation and in the sensing of nutrients [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Water-Electrolyte Balance

• CONCLUSIONS: Octreotide improves fluid balance in patients who have undergone jejunostomy but reduces the use of amino acids for splanchnic protein synthesis [38].
• BACKGROUND/AIMS: Previous studies have shown that secretory losses in patients with end jejunostomy syndrome (EJS) on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) can be suppressed by the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, thus facilitating fluid balance [38].
• As human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) play an important role in dialysis adequacy and fluid balance in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, this study examined whether AQP1 is present in HPMC [39].
• Sequential changes in arterial pressure, renal function, body fluid, and electrolyte balance, and several hemodynamic variables were examined during chronic intravenous infusion of aldosterone (14 micrograms/kg/day) in eight conscious dogs maintained on 250 mEq/day sodium and 140 mEq/day potassium intake [40].
• Ultrafiltration rate was maintained at 2.0 liters/hr and citrate-based replacement fluid (trisodium citrate 13.3 mM, sodium chloride 100 mM, magnesium chloride 0.75 mM, dextrose 0.2%) was infused proximal to the filter to maintain the desired fluid balance [41].

References