Disease relevance of KLK15

• The KLK15 gene is also up-regulated, at the mRNA level, in prostate cancer in comparison to normal prostatic tissue [1].
• KLK15 is up-regulated by androgens in breast cancer cell lines [2].
• The purpose of this study was to examine the prognostic value of KLK15 in ovarian cancer tissues [3].
• Prostinogen was expressed in Escherichia coli and refolded from inclusion bodies [4].
• No evidence exists from cohort studies about adenocarcinoma of oesophagus (ACO) [5].

High impact information on KLK15

• Like other kallikreins, KLK15 is regulated by steroid hormones in cancer cell lines [3].
• KLK15 is formed of five coding exons and four introns, and shows structural similarity to other kallikreins and kallikrein-like genes [1].
• Molecular cloning of the human kallikrein 15 gene (KLK15). Up-regulation in prostate cancer [1].
• KLK15 has three alternatively spliced forms and is primarily expressed in the thyroid gland and to a lower extent in the prostate, salivary, and adrenal glands and in the colon testis and kidney [1].
• Expression of this TF has a major repressive effect on genes related to ethylene synthesis, such as ACO and SAM, and on genes related to ethylene signalling, such as ERF2 and ERF5 [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of KLK15

• Our preliminary results indicate that the expression of KLK15 is up-regulated by steroid hormones in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line [1].
• The androgen-regulated gene human kallikrein 15 (KLK15) is an independent and favourable prognostic marker for breast cancer [2].
• Adjuvant chemoradiation using 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid/cisplatin with or without paclitaxel and radiation in patients with completely resected high-risk gastric cancer: two cooperative phase II studies of the AIO/ARO/ACO [7].
• Furthermore, we describe a case of bone-metastasized recurrent medulloblastoma with the longest remission ever reported (120 months) after regimens containing doxorubicine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide (ACO-protocol) [1, 2] and methotrexate [8].
• Intermittent treatment with an acid lactate gel (Lactal, ACO, Sweden) reduced symptoms of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and promoted the reestablishment of the normal vaginal flora of lactobacilli [9].

Biological context of KLK15

• KLK15 up-regulation was found to be associated with more aggressive forms of prostate cancer [1].
• KLK15 is newly discovered kallikrein gene that is located adjacent to KLK3 on chromosome 19q13 [2].
• We quantitatively measured and compared gene expression of KLK15 in malignant and benign prostate tissues [10].
• We also determined the nucleotide sequence of KLK15 and the intergenic region between this gene and KLK1 in the cotton-top tamarin [11].
• Recently, the gene family was extended with 12 new members, KLK4-KLK15, that were identified adjacent to the classical GK genes on human chromosome 19 [12].

Anatomical context of KLK15

• KLK15 is another serine protease that is produced in prostate and other tissues and is secreted in seminal plasma and other fluids [13].
• Using this assay, KLK15 was detected in prostate, colon, and thyroid tissues, as well as in breast milk and seminal plasma [13].
• Citrus fruit consumption may have a role in the protection against cardia GC and ACO [5].
• Immunolocalization showed cytosolic ACO is predominantly present in specialized cell types of the wound-induced bark, specifically in epithelial cells of terpenoid-producing cortical resin ducts, in polyphenolic phloem parenchyma cells, and in ray parenchyma cells [14].
• Aspirin increased PPARdelta mRNA levels in Jurkat cells, but decreased the activity of both PPARdelta and PPARalpha/gamma, assayed using the luciferase reporter constructs DRE and ACO, respectively [15].

Associations of KLK15 with chemical compounds

• In addition, the expression profiles of ACS and ACO genes were determined during petal senescence and a hypothesis proposed that translocated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid from the pistil may be important for regulating the initial burst of ethylene production during petal senescence [16].
• We demonstrate high rates of transfection with the reporter gene pSV40 beta gal using DC-Chol/DOPE cationic liposomes and lower rates with the novel polyamine cationic liposomes ACHx/DC-Chol/DOPE and ACO/DC-Chol/DOPE [17].
• Compared with traditional protocols such as ACO or carboplatin/etoposide, response rates are slightly improved, while survival is not different [18].
• Unlike rosiglitazone, chiglitazar showed significant increase of mRNA expression of PPARalpha, CPT1, BIFEZ, ACO and CYP4A10 in the liver of MSG obese rats [19].
• In the first randomized study, including 306 patients, alternating chemotherapy with VP 16, ifosfamide, vindesine (VPIV), adriamycin, cisplatinum, vincristine (APO), and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, CCNU (CMCC) was compared against standard treatment with ACO (adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine) [20].

Other interactions of KLK15

• KLK15 levels of expression were slightly higher (although not statistically significant) in the oestrogen receptor negative and progesterone receptor negative subgroups of patients [2].
• Downstream of KLK15, where the genes encoding PSA and hK2 are located in human, mouse carries the pseudogene PsimGK25 [12].
• CONCLUSIONS: On quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction KLK15 expression was significantly higher in cancerous than in noncancerous tissue [10].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of KLK15

• By using molecular cloning techniques, we identified a new human kallikrein gene, tentatively named KLK15 (for kallikrein 15 gene) [1].
• KLK15 expression was found to be a significant predictor of progression-free survival (hazard ratio of 0.41 and P=0.011) and overall survival (hazard ratio of 0.34 and P=0.009) [2].
• We studied the expression of KLK15 by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 202 tissues from patients with breast carcinoma of various stages, grades and histological types [2].
• KLK15 mouse and rabbit polyclonal antibodies have been employed for development of a KLK15 immunoassay [13].
• Development of an immunofluorometric assay for human kallikrein 15 (KLK15) and identification of KLK15 in tissues and biological fluids [13].

References