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Chemical Compound Review

Accent     sodium2-amino-5-hydroxy-5- oxo-pentanoate

Synonyms:
 
 
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Disease relevance of glutamate

 

Psychiatry related information on glutamate

 

High impact information on glutamate

  • Pulsatile, but not continuous GHRF also stimulates growth in animals made GHRF-deficient by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment [11].
  • These results show that the arcuate nucleus is the origin of the GRF-containing fibres that project to the median eminence and establish the MSG-treated rat as an in vivo model for studying growth hormone secretion in the absence of neurohumoral GRF [12].
  • Specific depletion of immunoreactive growth hormone-releasing factor by monosodium glutamate in rat median eminence [12].
  • MSG treatment results in the complete loss of GRF-immunoreactive cell bodies within this nucleus and provokes a selective disappearance of GRF-immunoreactive fibres in the median eminence [12].
  • Decreased (58 to 80 percent) complement factor D activity, relative to lean controls, was observed as a common feature of several experimental models of obesity, including the ob/ob, db/db, and monosodium glutamate (MSG)-injected mouse and the fa/fa rat [13].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of glutamate

 

Biological context of glutamate

  • Females treated with MSG had fewer pregnancies and smaller litters, while males treated with MSG showed reduced fertility [3].
  • Subchronic multiple dosing of NN2211 (200 microg/kg) twice daily for 10 days to normal and MSG-treated rats caused profound inhibition of food intake [19].
  • A single bolus injection of NN2211 caused profound dose-dependent inhibition of overnight food and water intake and increased diuresis in both normal and MSG-treated rats [19].
  • However, only those mice with 938 bp of the adipsin upstream regulatory region showed suppression of expression in adipose tissue in mice that were induced to become obese with monosodium glutamate [20].
  • In order to investigate the asthma-provoking potential of the widely used flavor enhancer, monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), we challenged 32 subjects with asthma, a number of whom gave histories of severe asthma after Chinese restaurant meals or similarly spiced meals [21].
 

Anatomical context of glutamate

 

Associations of glutamate with other chemical compounds

 

Gene context of glutamate

 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of glutamate

  • In the ob/ob, UCP-DTA and MSG models, overexpression of ob mRNA is reversed by caloric restriction [36].
  • Using a novel long-acting injectable GLP-1 derivative, NN2211, the acute and subchronic anorectic potentials of GLP-1 and derivatives were studied in both normal rats and rats made obese by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment (MSG) [19].
  • In the present study, the effects of intermittent GH treatment on liver CYP expression were studied in adult rats rendered GH deficient by neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which depletes circulating adult GH without the global loss of other pituitary-dependent hormones that is associated with hypophysectomy [37].
  • OBJECTIVE: We conducted a multicenter, multiphase, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a crossover design to evaluate reactions reportedly caused by MSG [38].
  • We also observed that the preference for the monosodium glutamate solution was not induced in animals fed a low-protein diet [39].

References

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  2. Axon-sparing brain lesioning technique: the use of monosodium-L-glutamate and other amino acids. Simson, E.L., Gold, R.M., Standish, L.J., Pellett, P.L. Science (1977) [Pubmed]
  3. Monosodium glutamate admlinistration to the newborn reduces reproductive ability in female and male mice. Pizzi, W.J., Barnhart, J.E., Fanslow, D.J. Science (1977) [Pubmed]
  4. Tonic vasomotor control by the rostral ventrolateral medulla: effect of electrical or chemical stimulation of the area containing C1 adrenaline neurons on arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamines and vasopressin. Ross, C.A., Ruggiero, D.A., Park, D.H., Joh, T.H., Sved, A.F., Fernandez-Pardal, J., Saavedra, J.M., Reis, D.J. J. Neurosci. (1984) [Pubmed]
  5. Altered growth in male peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) heterozygous mice: involvement of PPARgamma in a negative feedback regulation of growth hormone action. Rieusset, J., Seydoux, J., Anghel, S.I., Escher, P., Michalik, L., Soon Tan, N., Metzger, D., Chambon, P., Wahli, W., Desvergne, B. Mol. Endocrinol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  6. Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36) amide's central inhibition of feeding and peripheral inhibition of drinking are abolished by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment. Tang-Christensen, M., Vrang, N., Larsen, P.J. Diabetes (1998) [Pubmed]
  7. Effects of monosodium glutamate administration in the neonatal period on the diabetic syndrome in KK mice. Cameron, D.P., Poon, T.K., Smith, G.C. Diabetologia (1976) [Pubmed]
  8. Prenatal monosodium glutamate causes long-lasting cholinergic and adrenergic changes in various brain regions. Frieder, B., Grimm, V.E. J. Neurochem. (1987) [Pubmed]
  9. Retinal ganglion cells expressing the FOS protein after light stimulation in the Syrian hamster are relatively insensitive to neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate. Chambille, I. J. Comp. Neurol. (1998) [Pubmed]
  10. Effect of cholecystokinin on feeding is attenuated in monosodium glutamate obese mice. Maletínská, L., Toma, R.S., Pirnik, Z., Kiss, A., Slaninová, J., Haluzík, M., Zelezná, B. Regul. Pept. (2006) [Pubmed]
  11. Growth induced by pulsatile infusion of an amidated fragment of human growth hormone releasing factor in normal and GHRF-deficient rats. Clark, R.G., Robinson, I.C. Nature (1985) [Pubmed]
  12. Specific depletion of immunoreactive growth hormone-releasing factor by monosodium glutamate in rat median eminence. Bloch, B., Ling, N., Benoit, R., Wehrenberg, W.B., Guillemin, R. Nature (1984) [Pubmed]
  13. Adipsin and complement factor D activity: an immune-related defect in obesity. Rosen, B.S., Cook, K.S., Yaglom, J., Groves, D.L., Volanakis, J.E., Damm, D., White, T., Spiegelman, B.M. Science (1989) [Pubmed]
  14. Plasma glutamate concentrations in adult subjects ingesting monosodium L-glutamate in consomme. Stegink, L.D., Filer, L.J., Baker, G.L. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1985) [Pubmed]
  15. Effect of aspartame plus monosodium L-glutamate ingestion on plasma and erythrocyte amino acid levels in normal adult subjects fed a high protein meal. Stegink, L.D., Filer, L.J., Baker, G.L. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1982) [Pubmed]
  16. Life without neuropeptide Y. Palmiter, R.D., Erickson, J.C., Hollopeter, G., Baraban, S.C., Schwartz, M.W. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. (1998) [Pubmed]
  17. An evaluation of strategies to control vitamin A deficiency in the Philippines. Solon, F., Fernandez, T.L., Latham, M.C., Popkin, B.M. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1979) [Pubmed]
  18. Monosodium glutamate-sensitive hypothalamic neurons contribute to the control of bone mass. Elefteriou, F., Takeda, S., Liu, X., Armstrong, D., Karsenty, G. Endocrinology (2003) [Pubmed]
  19. Systemic administration of the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 induces lasting and reversible weight loss in both normal and obese rats. Larsen, P.J., Fledelius, C., Knudsen, L.B., Tang-Christensen, M. Diabetes (2001) [Pubmed]
  20. Independent regulation of adipose tissue-specificity and obesity response of the adipsin promoter in transgenic mice. Platt, K.A., Claffey, K.P., Wilkison, W.O., Spiegelman, B.M., Ross, S.R. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) [Pubmed]
  21. Monosodium L-glutamate-induced asthma. Allen, D.H., Delohery, J., Baker, G. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1987) [Pubmed]
  22. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone: reduction in adult rat brain after monosodium glutamate treatment of neonates. Eskay, R.L., Brownstein, M.J., Long, R.T. Science (1979) [Pubmed]
  23. The taste of monosodium glutamate: membrane receptors in taste buds. Chaudhari, N., Yang, H., Lamp, C., Delay, E., Cartford, C., Than, T., Roper, S. J. Neurosci. (1996) [Pubmed]
  24. The mechanism of action of Na glutamate, lysine HCl, and piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) in the stabilization of tubulin and microtubule formation. Arakawa, T., Timasheff, S.N. J. Biol. Chem. (1984) [Pubmed]
  25. Effects of MSG on the neuroendocrine system. Samuels, A. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1996) [Pubmed]
  26. Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth, and survival of children: a controlled field trial. Muhilal, n.u.l.l., Permeisih, D., Idjradinata, Y.R., Muherdiyantiningsih, n.u.l.l., Karyadi, D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1988) [Pubmed]
  27. Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 acts as a survival factor in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Delgado-Rub??n de C??lix, A., Chowen, J.A., Argente, J., Frago, L.M. J. Neurochem. (2006) [Pubmed]
  28. Testis structure and function in a nongenetic hyperadipose rat model at prepubertal and adult ages. França, L.R., Suescun, M.O., Miranda, J.R., Giovambattista, A., Perello, M., Spinedi, E., Calandra, R.S. Endocrinology (2006) [Pubmed]
  29. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) activity stimulation by cerulenin via sympathetic nervous system activation overrides cerulenin's peripheral effect. Jin, Y.J., Li, S.Z., Zhao, Z.S., An, J.J., Kim, R.Y., Kim, Y.M., Baik, J.H., Lim, S.K. Endocrinology (2004) [Pubmed]
  30. The carbohydrate recognition domain of surfactant protein A mediates binding to the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. McCormack, F.X., Festa, A.L., Andrews, R.P., Linke, M., Walzer, P.D. Biochemistry (1997) [Pubmed]
  31. The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice. Broberger, C., Johansen, J., Johansson, C., Schalling, M., Hökfelt, T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1998) [Pubmed]
  32. Hyperphagia and weight gain after gold-thioglucose: relation to hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin. Bergen, H.T., Mizuno, T.M., Taylor, J., Mobbs, C.V. Endocrinology (1998) [Pubmed]
  33. Changes in NMDA-receptor gene expression are associated with neurotoxicity induced neonatally by glutamate in the rat brain. Beas-Zárate, C., Rivera-Huizar, S.V., Martinez-Contreras, A., Feria-Velasco, A., Armendariz-Borunda, J. Neurochem. Int. (2001) [Pubmed]
  34. Peripheral glutamate receptors: molecular biology and role in taste sensation. Dingledine, R., Conn, P.J. J. Nutr. (2000) [Pubmed]
  35. Resistin expression and regulation in mouse pituitary. Morash, B.A., Willkinson, D., Ur, E., Wilkinson, M. FEBS Lett. (2002) [Pubmed]
  36. Expression of ob mRNA and its encoded protein in rodents. Impact of nutrition and obesity. Frederich, R.C., Löllmann, B., Hamann, A., Napolitano-Rosen, A., Kahn, B.B., Lowell, B.B., Flier, J.S. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) [Pubmed]
  37. Growth hormone regulation of male-specific rat liver P450s 2A2 and 3A2: induction by intermittent growth hormone pulses in male but not female rats rendered growth hormone deficient by neonatal monosodium glutamate. Waxman, D.J., Ram, P.A., Pampori, N.A., Shapiro, B.H. Mol. Pharmacol. (1995) [Pubmed]
  38. Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-challenge evaluation of reported reactions to monosodium glutamate. Geha, R.S., Beiser, A., Ren, C., Patterson, R., Greenberger, P.A., Grammer, L.C., Ditto, A.M., Harris, K.E., Shaughnessy, M.A., Yarnold, P.R., Corren, J., Saxon, A. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2000) [Pubmed]
  39. Salt consumption and nutritional state especially dietary protein level. Kimura, S., Yokomukai, Y., Komai, M. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1987) [Pubmed]
 
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