Disease relevance of BIRC6

• To evaluate the diagnostic potential and hemodynamic significance of exercise-induced multiple-lead QRS changes, we studied exercise test responses in 230 patients with chest pain syndromes undergoing Bruce protocol exercise tests [1].
• Among the 21 patients without previous myocardial infarction, the 12 with a low ischemic threshold, which occurred during the first three steps of the modified Bruce protocol, had an anaerobic threshold significantly lower than the other nine patients (13.1 +/- 1.5 versus 14.9 +/- 1.0 ml/kg per minute VO2, p less than 0.01) [2].
• A significantly higher heart rate at onset of ischemia was seen during Bruce protocol exercise testing than during daily life (117 +/- 12 versus 95 +/- 15 beats/min, p less than 0.01) [3].
• Forty-four patients (39 men, five women) with exercise-induced angina pectoris and ST segment depression with exercise testing (modified Bruce protocol) were studied [4].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: In this prospective cohort investigation, 1575 male participants (mean age, 43 years) in the Framingham Offspring Study who were free of coronary heart disease, who were not taking beta-blockers, and who underwent submaximal treadmill exercise testing (Bruce protocol) were studied [5].

Psychiatry related information on BIRC6

• Since 1976, when Morales, Eidinger and Bruce first published on the treatment of human urothelial bladder cancer, bacillus Calmette-Guérin has gained worldwide acceptance as a therapy against bladder carcinoma recurrences [6].
• Recently, Leder and Bruce (2000, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 53 513-536) argued that configural information in face processing consists at least partly of locally processed relations between facial elements [7].
• A neural spike count rule has been presented for both threshold and intensity discrimination under the assumption that auditory perception occurs via integration over a relatively long time period (Bruce et al., 1999) [8].
• The physical activity challenge consisted of a Maximal effort trial (VO2 max) following the Bruce protocol on a walking treadmill [9].
• We modified Bruce, Dolan, and Phillips-Grant's (2000) threshold procedure for determining the wane of childhood amnesia [10].

High impact information on BIRC6

• In the presence of an exogenous E2, UbcH5c, purified Nrdp1 catalyzes BRUCE ubiquitination [11].
• Thus, BRUCE normally inhibits apoptosis, and Nrdp1 can be important in the initiation of apoptosis by catalyzing ubiquitination and degradation of BRUCE [11].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: After withdrawal of antianginal therapy, 14 men (mean age, 58+/-4 years) with coronary artery disease underwent 3 exercise tests according to the modified Bruce protocol on 3 different days (baseline and either testosterone or placebo given in a random order) [12].
• We also evaluated blood pressure responses during erect treadmill exercise (Bruce protocol) [13].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed exercise (maximal treadmill Bruce protocol), dobutamine (up to 40 micrograms/kg per minute) and dipyridamole (up to 0.84 mg/kg over 10 minutes) stress echocardiography tests, in random sequence and on separate days, in 136 consecutive patients [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of BIRC6

• METHODS: We prospectively carried out a symptom-limited 12-lead Bruce protocol thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) exercise test in 66 consecutive subjects with stable angina, > or = 70% stenosis of at least one coronary artery, normal rest ECG and left ventricular wall motion and a prior positive exercise ECG [15].
• A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with clinical symptoms of stable angina pectoris and healed myocardial infarction (n = 22) has shown that oral supplementation with L-arginine (6 g/day for 3 days) increases exercise capacity (tested on a Marquette case 12 treadmill according to the modified Bruce protocol) [16].
• METHODS: Twenty-four patients (18 males and 6 females, age 59+/-9 years) with heart disease underwent symptom-limited treadmill exercise testing according to the Bruce protocol, and BRS was measured utilizing the phenylephrine method [17].
• In all subjects tachycardia was induced by 1) administration of atropine (1 mg bolus IV), 2) administration of isoprenaline (0.5-0.25 micrograms/min IV) and 3) treadmill exercise test according to Bruce protocol [18].
• Similarly, on the Multigating Substance Use Evaluation System (Jurkovic & Bruce, 1991), the suicidal youth were at a high risk for alcohol and drug abuse [19].

Biological context of BIRC6

• The membrane-associated inhibitor of apoptosis protein, BRUCE/Apollon, antagonizes both the precursor and mature forms of Smac and caspase-9 [20].
• Furthermore, decreasing BRUCE content by RNA interference or overexpression of Nrdp1 promotes apoptosis [11].
• The total reinfarction rate was 9% (11 of 121) in patients with an exercise tolerance of less than 10 minutes (Bruce protocol) and 2% (one of 58) in patients with an exercise tolerance of 10 minutes or more (p less than 0.1) [21].
• In response to Bruce protocol exercise stress, there were consistently appropriate increments in heart rate, blood pressure, and peak double product and, with one exception, radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction [22].
• We have reported recently that cAMP potentiates Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, primarily because of a protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of type II inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (Bruce, J. I. E., Shuttleworth, T. J. S., Giovannucci, D. R., and Yule, D. I. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 1340-1348) [23].

Anatomical context of BIRC6

• (S. Funahashi, C.J. Bruce and P.S. Goldman-Rakic, Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 61:331-349, 1989) [24].
• However, a strongly positive exercise electrocardiogram in the first two stages of the Bruce protocol or at a heart rate of less than 140 beats/min was related to the extent of coronary artery disease and impaired myocardial perfusion, and identified patients with more extensive coronary artery disease and jeopardized myocardium [25].
• Detection and transduction of pheromonal signals by the mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO) is critical for the formation of a persistent memory required for mate recognition in the context of selective pregnancy failure (the Bruce effect) [26].
• In 1956, Bruce Glick and Timothy Chang reported that the bursa of Fabricius plays an important role in antibody production [27].
• The contribution of Bruce Glick to the definition of the role played by the bursa of Fabricius in the development of the B cell lineage [27].

Associations of BIRC6 with chemical compounds

• Forty-nine normotensive chronic cocaine abusers underwent Bruce protocol treadmill exercise testing until they attained 85% maximum predicted heart rate [28].
• METHODS: Study population consisted of 168 (138 male, 30 female, mean age 51+/-9 years) patients, on whom exercise (Bruce treadmill protocol), dobutamine (up to 40 mcg/kg/min) and dipyridamole (0.84 mg/kg over 10 min) stress echocardiography tests were performed [29].
• Two exercise tests using the Bruce protocol with technetium-99m (99mTc)-sestamibi were performed on consecutive days in a randomized order [30].
• METHODS: In this double-blind, crossover, single-dose multicenter study, 41 men with reproducible stable exertional angina due to ischemic CAD received vardenafil 10 mg or placebo, followed by ETT (5 to 10 metabolic equivalents [METS], Bruce protocol) 1 h postdose [31].
• Zatebradine reduced rest heart rate both at 4 weeks ([mean +/- SEM] 12.9 +/- 1.23 vs. 2.3 +/- 1.6 [placebo] beats/min, p < 0.0001) and at the end of comparable stages of Bruce exercise (16.7 +/- 1.2 vs. 3.4 +/- 1.2 [placebo] beats/min, p < 0.0001) [32].

Enzymatic interactions of BIRC6

• In response to apoptotic stimuli, BRUCE is degraded by proteasomes and/or cleaved by caspases and HtrA2 depending on the specific stimulus and the cell type [20].

Regulatory relationships of BIRC6

• Through these associations, BRUCE promotes the degradation of Smac and inhibits the activity of caspase-9 but not the effector caspase, caspase-3 [20].
• In vivo, overexpression of Nrdp1 promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of BRUCE [11].
• In Section III Dr. Bruce Cheson describes recent progress in inhibiting cell cycle progression by selectively disrupting cyclin D1 with structurally unique compounds such as flavopiridol in mantle cell lymphoma as well as describing a new class of agents that affect proteasome degradation pathways [33].

Other interactions of BIRC6

• Gradually, it has been appreciated that these agents may cause disease when produced excessively or inappropriately, and in this article Bruce Beuder and Anthony Cerami discuss one of the most important of these cytokines - cochectin or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) [34].
• The Office for Family Practice began in-office graded exercise testing utilizing the Bruce or Balke protocol in March of 1978 [35].
• Comparison of the Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot and modified Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot versus Bruce and Cornell exercise protocols [36].
• Heart rate, blood pressure, and atrial natriuretic peptide were measured during routine treadmill exercise testing using the Bruce protocol [37].
• Pulmonary function tests and exercise testing on a treadmill using the Bruce protocol were performed [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of BIRC6

• Treadmill exercise tests were also performed on a separate occasion with the Bruce protocol [39].
• Each patient underwent exercise electrocardiography (Bruce protocol) that was interpreted as abnormal if the ST segment developed 0.1-mV or greater depression 80 msec after the J point [40].
• To determine the value of a multivariate approach for the analysis of the treadmill exercise tolerance test (ETT), 237 patients referred for evaluation of chest pain who underwent a standard Bruce protocol ETT and coronary arteriography were studied [41].
• In 107 patients who survived 3 months, cardiac function was assessed at 1 week by resting hemodynamics and at 3 months by treadmill testing (Bruce protocol), supine rest and exercise radionuclide angiography, and supine rest and exercise right-heart hemodynamics [42].
• In all patients, a Bruce exercise test with the simultaneous recording of leads I, II, V4R, V1, V4 and V6 was followed by coronary angiography [43].

References