Disease relevance of Air Sacs

• More E coli was found in lungs, air sacs, and livers of turkeys exposed to NH3 [1].
• We have tested the potential of a single dose of ethanol (0.20 ml 50% ethanol in chick Ringer's saline (CRS) administered into the air sac) to produce ventricular septal defect (VSD) in three distinct commercially available strains of White Leghorn chick embryo: stress-resistant Dekalb Delta strain, Hy-Vac SPF type V, and Hy-Vac SPF type L [2].
• Histologic lesions in air sacs with gross scores of 0-2 were mild edema resulting in a two to eightfold increase in air sac thickness, capillary proliferation, and exudate consisting largely of heterophils and necrotic debris [3].
• Histologic lesions in air sacs with gross scores of 3 and 4 were marked hyperplasia of epithelial cells and diffuse infiltration of the air sac connective tissue by mononuclear cells [3].
• We have recently reported that culture medium with murine neuroblastoma C1300 cells transfected with OPN gene significantly stimulates human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration and induces neovascularization in mice by dorsal air sac assay [4].

Psychiatry related information on Air Sacs

• These results indicate that swimbladders in adults of both sexes retain the ability to respond to steroid treatments and suggest that sexual differences in bladder size are controlled without a critical period by hormonal concentrations within the fish [5].

High impact information on Air Sacs

• The sonic motor nucleus was labeled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into swimbladder sonic muscles, and an adjacent ventrolateral and a more anterior periventricular nucleus of the medulla were revealed by autoradiography with 3H-labeled testosterone [6].
• Expression of sFlt-1 significantly suppressed RMG-1 cell-induced angiogenesis in vivo in the mouse dorsal air sac assay model [7].
• We investigated the effect of TPI on angiogenesis in KB cells transfected with platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor cDNA, KB/TP, and a mock transfectant, KB/CV, using the mouse dorsal air sac assay model [8].
• Oral administration of E7820 significantly inhibited basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis in Matrigel implants and human colon WiDr tumor-induced angiogenesis in a dorsal air sac model [9].
• To demonstrate the effect of OPN on tumor-induced angiogenesis in vivo, millipore chambers containing OPN-transfected or control cells were implanted to the dorsal air sac of mice [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Air Sacs

• Anophthalmia affected 1% of the surviving embryos in the Adriamycin air sac group and 2% of the Adriamycin albumin group [11].

Biological context of Air Sacs

• 3. Theoretical models suggest that any water movement in the swimbladder, leading to blood flow mismatch in the rete counter-current system, reduces its efficiency to concentrate inert gases, whereas lactate back-diffusion enhances this efficiency [12].
• Here we describe air sac cannulation as a novel method for delivering isoflurane gas to zebra finches for anesthesia during neurosurgery [13].
• Glucose phosphorylation was studied in a pure capillary preparation obtained from the rete mirabile of the eel swimbladder [14].
• Minute volume (V), tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f), venous lactate, and clavicular air sac gas composition were measured in domestic fowl at rest and during exercise, breathing hypoxic, hyperoxic, or hypercapnic gas [15].
• The amino acid sequence of the parvalbumin from the very fast swimbladder muscle of the toadfish (Opsanus tau) [16].

Anatomical context of Air Sacs

• By contrast, Dex-exposed rats showed strong staining of columnar and cuboidal epithelial cells lining airways and epithelial tubules and cuboidal cells lining primitive air sacs [17].
• Chick embryos were administered GHRH or SRIF in ovo via the air sac on embryonic days 1, 3, 5 and 7, sacrificed at day 8 and the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was assayed in whole brain homogenates [18].
• A ruthenium red positive layer is also present in the anterior chamber of the toadfish swimbladder [19].
• We used terbium as an intravital tracer of permeability pathways across the walls of capillaries in the rete mirabile of the eel swimbladder and in frog mesentery [20].
• Yellow fluorescent cells, which may contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, were also seen in the swimbladder mucosa [21].

Associations of Air Sacs with chemical compounds

• In vivo experiments showed that thiolutin significantly suppressed angiogenesis induced by tumor cells (S-180), a pathological form of neovascularization, in a mouse dorsal air sac assay system [22].
• Ethanol (10 mg/50 microliters) was administered to embryos via the air sac from E1 to E3 [23].
• We investigated the endocrine basis for sexual dimorphism of the sound-producing apparatus (swimbladder and attached sonic muscles) in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau by implanting steroid pellets in gonadectomized females and males [5].
• Transneuronal biocytin transport identified an extensive premotor network only for the swimbladder motor nuclei [24].
• Because tetrapyrrole concentrations are elevated in these conditions, we introduced bilirubin or heme (prepared as 10 mM solutions) into the air sac of fertilized chicken eggs to study their effect on the growth of normal chicken embryos [25].

Gene context of Air Sacs

• Nitrergic and VIP-positive sensory innervation was found to be shared by gill and air sac [26].
• Dorsal air sac assay revealed that UFT, 5-FU, and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid strongly inhibited the angiogenesis induced by recombinant human VEGF [27].
• The presence of SP-A in the goldfish swimbladder demonstrates a role for the surfactant system in an organ that is no longer used for airbreathing [28].
• 3. The swimbladder achieves tremendous twitch speeds with a modest steady-state ATP utilization rate by employing two mechanisms: having a small number of attached crossbridges and probably utilizing intracellular Ca2+ buffers (parvalbumin) to spread out the time over which Ca2+ pumping can occur [29].
• The appearance of the alpha RYR isoform alone in the extraocular muscles and a fast-contracting sonic muscle in fish (toadfish swimbladder muscle) provides evidence that this isoform is selectively expressed when rapid contraction is required [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Air Sacs

• Western blot analysis demonstrated cross-reactivity between an antihuman SP-A antibody and material lavaged from lungs or swimbladders of members from all vertebrate groups [28].
• Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of enkephalins, VIP, NOS and NADPH-d in nerves associated with branchial and air sac vasculature, and in the neuroendocrine cell systems of the gill [26].

References