Disease relevance of Water Movements

• Since mannitol is commonly used to reduce brain edema, understanding the regulation of AQPs and p38 MAPK in astrocytes under hyperosmotic conditions induced with mannitol may lead to a control of water movements and a new treatment for brain edema [1].
• These findings indicated that water movement in areas of edema, predominantly in the extracellular spaces, was less restricted in high-grade gliomas, a phenomenon that likely reflected the destruction of the extracellular matrix ultrastructure by malignant cell infiltration and consequently greater water diffusion [2].

High impact information on Water Movements

• Interestingly, urea was also able to drive water movement across the AQP1-independent pathway [3].
• Effect of cetiedil on cation and water movements in erythrocytes [4].
• Under all experimental conditions, close linear relationships existed between net water movement and fractional absorption of glucose, xylose, and fatty acids, as well as between the absorption rates of these solutes [5].
• Despite net water movement in the opposite direction (0.5 nl mm-1 min-1), the influx rate was significantly higher than the efflux rate of urea in both groups [6].
• Effect of atropine on bile-oleic acid-induced alterations in dog jejunal hemodynamics, oxygenation, and net transmucosal water movement [7].

Biological context of Water Movements

• However, no correlation was seen between mucosal histology or luminal bacteriology and sodium or water movement [8].
• In addition, the suites of genes induced by hypobaria confirm that water movement is a paramount issue at low atmospheric pressures, because many of gene products intersect abscisic acid-related, drought-induced pathways [9].
• Taken together, these recent reports suggest that water homeostasis in the brain is maintained by regulatory processes that, by control of aquaporin expression and distribution, induce and organize water movements [10].
• pH-dependent structural changes in the active site of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase point to the importance of proton and water movements during catalysis [11].
• Moreover, the contribution of AQP-8 to overall water movement through isolated colonocytes was studied using RNA interference technology [12].

Anatomical context of Water Movements

• Influence of glucose, fructose, and water movement on calcium absorption in the jejunum [13].
• Aquaporin-4, the major water-selective channel in astroglia throughout the central nervous system, facilitates water movement into and out of the brain [14].
• During vasopressin (VP)-induced water movement, toad urinary bladder epithelial cells undergo unique morphological changes [15].
• 2. Clearance of tritiated water was thereby varied fourfold, from 10 to 44ml./min.100 g epithelium, with negligible net water movement [16].
• Exposure of endothelial cells to the combination of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase resulted in anatomic disruption of the cells with interference in the function of endothelial water movement and resultant swelling of the corneal stroma [17].

Associations of Water Movements with chemical compounds

• All water movements can be accounted for by cetiedil-induced net cation movements [4].
• The divalent cation ionophore A 23187 was used to evaluate the action of intracellular calcium on net transepithelial water movement across the isolated frog urinary bladder [18].
• The movements were measured by a travelling microscope, and the effects of vasopressin, oxytocin, and kappa opioids were explored at 37 +/- 1 degrees C. In the presence of vasopressin and oxytocin, water movement increased to between the threshold of 0.2 pM and the maxima of 100 pM (vasopressin) and 20 pM (oxytocin) [19].
• The movement of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate paralleled water movement [20].
• Ouabain-insensitive salt and water movements in duck red cells. II. Norepinephrine stimulation of sodium plus potassium cotransport [21].

Gene context of Water Movements

• Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is a membrane channel that allows rapid water movement driven by a transmembrane osmotic gradient [22].
• Aquaporin (AQP) water channels provide a major pathway for osmotically driven water movement across epithelial and microvascular barriers in the lung [23].
• These results indicate that AQP4 is responsible for the majority of basolateral membrane water movement in IMCD but that its deletion is associated with a very mild defect in urinary concentrating ability [24].
• It has been postulated that sex-steroid hormones may regulate aquaporin (AQP) channels involved in water movement across cell membranes [25].
• Current results indicate that aquaporin-8 may play a major role in water movement through the colon by acting on the apical side of the superficial cells [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Water Movements

• Flow cytometry demonstrated the presence of Aqps-7, -8, and -9, thus identifying candidate Aqp potentially mediating water movement into antral follicles [26].
• METHODS: Upon irritation by either tape stripping or acetone treatment, we applied glycerol to the skin surface under an occlusive dressing to create transepidermal water movement [27].
• Irrigations subsequent to application reduced soil air concentrations of 1,3-D and chloropicrin and increased water movement, as did the use of two drip tubes instead of one [28].
• Pretreatment with dexamethasone increased pleural osmotic fluid entry by 25%, while intravenous injection of HgCl2 decreased osmotic pleural water movement by 43% [29].

References