Disease relevance of Arthrodermataceae

• These alcohols were mesylated and then refluxed with imidazole in dimethylformamide to yield the title compounds, which were active in vitro against dermatophytes, yeasts, other fungi, and gram-positive bacteria [1].
• CONCLUSION: Fluconazole administered once weekly is safe and effective in eradicating distal subungual onychomycosis of the fingernail caused by dermatophytes [2].
• There have been several studies suggesting a good response to terbinafine in treating tinea capitis, specifically with dermatophytes of the Trichophyton species [3].
• Possible reasons for this result may include the higher incidence of chronic disease in the terbinafine group and the large number of patients who were classified as delayed exclusions because of negative initial culture for dermatophytes [4].
• The authors investigated the relationship between dermatophytosis and ABO blood groups through blood typing, identification of isolated dermatophytes and specific cellular immune response of 40 individuals carriers of this mycosis [5].

High impact information on Arthrodermataceae

• Dermatophytes are adapted to infect keratinized tissues by their ability to utilize keratin as a nutrient source [6].
• There has only been one clinically confirmed case of terbinafine resistance in dermatophytes, where six sequential Trichophyton rubrum isolates from the same patient were found to be resistant to terbinafine and cross-resistant to other squalene epoxidase (SE) inhibitors [7].
• This is the first confirmed report of terbinafine resistance in dermatophytes [8].
• The antifungal activity of fluconazole against these dermatophytes was increased in the presence of Ub proteasome inhibitor [9].
• MICs were determined by a broth microdilution method with morpholinepropanesulfonic acid-buffered RPMI 1640 medium for Candida species and with Sabouraud dextrose broth for dermatophytes and by an agar dilution method with medium C for Malassezia furfur [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Arthrodermataceae

• OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the effectiveness of itraconazole in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis caused by molds alone or in combination with dermatophytes [11].
• Superficial mycoses and in vitro sensitivity of dermatophytes and Candida species to tolciclate and clotrimazole [12].
• In vitro data indicate that ciclopirox has activity against the important pathogenic dermatophytes responsible for onychomycosis [13].
• CONCLUSIONS: Marathon runners are at high risk for tinea pedis, but dermatophytes are responsible for only half of the foot lesions found in runners [14].

Biological context of Arthrodermataceae

• Nucleotide sequences of chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene of dermatophytes, Arthroderma benhamiae, A. simii, A. vanbreuseghemii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (T. interdigitale), and T. rubrum were analyzed for their phylogenetic relationship [15].
• Thirty-one single ascospore cultures were obtained from one ascoma produced in mating of RV 26678 (+) (Institut de Medicine Tropicale, Antwerp, Belgium) and KMU 4169 (-) (Dept. Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan), which are genetically different strains of Arthroderma benhamiae [16].
• In addition to its requirement for histidine, Trichophyton megninii can be readily differentiated from certain other dermatophytes, particularly Trichophyton rubrum, by its "+" mating type and a positive urease test on urea-indole broth [17].
• Epidemiology of dermatomycoses of humans in central Poland. Part IV. Onychomycosis due to dermatophytes [18].

Anatomical context of Arthrodermataceae

• OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate three different durations of once-weekly fluconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis of the toenail caused by dermatophytes [19].
• In the 7-day study high terbinafine levels were found in sebum (19.0 micrograms/g) and stratum corneum (2.5 micrograms/g), and a concentration in stratum corneum above the minimal inhibitory concentration for most dermatophytes was still found 48 days after the last day of medication [20].
• It impairs the synthesis of ergosterol (the main sterol in fungal cell membranes) in susceptible organisms, including yeast (Candida and Cryptococcus spp.), fungi, and dermatophytes [21].
• Neutral sugar components of dermatophytes cell walls were mannose and glucose in the ratio of 1:2.7 for Epidermophyton and 1:1.4 for Microsporum [22].
• The exact form of effector "T" cell immunity and the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) which eliminate dermatophytes from the skin, are poorly understood, but may involve lymphokine and accelerated epidermal turnover [23].

Associations of Arthrodermataceae with chemical compounds

• ER-30346 also showed good activity against dermatophytes, with MICs ranging from 0.05 to 0.39 microgram/ml, and its activity was comparable to or 2 to 16 times higher than those of itraconazole and amphotericin B and > 32 times higher than that of fluconazole [24].
• Ro 14-4767/002 was the most active drug against 30 isolates of dermatophytes, followed by R 51,211, ketoconazole, and BAY n 7133 [25].
• Clotrimazole 2, a synthetic imidazole derivative, is primarily used locally in the treatment of vaginal and skin infections due to yeasts and dermatophytes [26].
• In vitro, naftifine has potent fungistatic and fungicidal activity against dermatophytes [27].
• Miconazole2, a synthetic imidazole derivative, is a new topical antifungal agent for use in the local treatment of vaginal, and skin and nail infections due to yeasts and dermatophytes [28].

Gene context of Arthrodermataceae

• A broadly reactive, yet fungus-specific, primer cocktail comprises two previously published primers, TR1 and TR2, which specifically amplify dermatophytes, and two newly designed primers, CA1 and AF2, which specifically amplify Candida and Aspergillus respectively [29].
• Albino guinea pigs with abraded skin were inoculated cutaneously with 27 strains of dermatophytes from animals and humans [30].
• No differences in the ability to support growth were observed among Taplin Dermatophyte Test medium, Dermatophyte Test Medium (Schering Diagnostics, Port Reading, N.J.),Sabouraud medium plus cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, Youssef medium for dermatophytes product no [31].
• It can be differentiated from M. canis by the smaller size of its macroconidia, its failure to perforate hair in vitro, its poor growth and sporulation on bromocresol purple casein dextrose agar, and its incompatibility with Nannizzia otae, the telemorph of M. canis [32].
• Molecular taxonomy of dermatophytes and related fungi by chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene sequences [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Arthrodermataceae

• PCR primer pairs with antisense sequence based on the ACT intron sequence were species specific for dermatophytes, suggesting a potential for use in the identification of dermatophytes [34].
• Ciclopirox exhibits fungal inhibitory activity (minimum inhibitory concentration < 4 microg/mL for dermatophytes) as well as fungicidal activity; to date resistance to the drug has not been identified [35].
• Deparaffinized sections of guinea pig skin, infected with dermatophytes and given bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) by intraperitoneal injection, were used [36].

References