Disease relevance of Sebum

• These data are consistent with the concept that increases in GH and IGF production contribute in complementary ways to the increase in sebum production during puberty and in acromegaly [1].
• In 10 male patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, treatment with isotretinoin for 6 weeks reduced the mean sebum excretion rate by 70% and improved the severity of the rash, but with a site difference in magnitude of response [2].
• For a long time, the mantra of acne pathogenesis debates has been that acne vulgaris lesions develop when (supposedly largely androgen-mediated) increased sebum production, ductal hypercornification, and propionibacteria come together with local inflammatory process in the unlucky affected individual [3].
• Most significantly, the regulated expression of ACh-R in sebaceous glands advocates a role for ACh in sebum production and as a promoter of sebocyte differentiation, thus offering an explanation for skin diseases associated with altered sebum production after chronic nicotine exposure [4].
• We suggest that HIV-associated EF is an autoimmune disease with the sebocyte or some constituent of sebum acting as the autoantigen [5].

Psychiatry related information on Sebum

• Oral supplementation with all-Rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherol increases vitamin E levels in human sebum after a latency period of 14-21 days [6].

High impact information on Sebum

• Lack of effect of topical retinoic acid on sebum excretion rate in acne [7].
• Cimetidine, 1g orally per day, partially inhibited sebum excretion in patients with acne [8].
• In situ hybridizations demonstrate a differentiation-specific expression pattern within the human sebaceous gland for the two AWAT genes, consistent with a significant role in the composition of sebum [9].
• RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, including sex, age, and smoking, statistically significant associations were shown in the total population between serum vitamin A and skin sebum content and surface pH and between the dietary intake of total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and skin hydration [10].
• In females, testosterone increased hair growth rate and sebum production [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sebum

• Effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on sebum production and Propionibacterium acnes in severe nodulocystic acne [12].
• Effect of ketoconazole 2% shampoo on scalp sebum level in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis [13].
• Minoxidil and male-pattern alopecia: a potential role for a local regulator of sebum secretion with vasoconstrictive effects [14]?

Biological context of Sebum

• Free glycerol would be expected from biochemical considerations to be an end product of lipolysis of sebum triglycerides [15].
• The results obtained emphasize the outstanding importance of NADP-linked dehydrogenases for lipogenesis during sebum production [16].
• Vitamin E also prevents irritating lipid peroxidation of sebum, damaged by bacterial growth, which may be responsible for the inflammatory aspects of acne [17].
• The authors studied the bioavailability of minocycline in sebum and serum [18].
• In castrated rats treated with testosterone, 3 micrograms/day oestradiol produced a greater decrease in sebum secretion than a dose of cyproterone acetate over 1000 times larger; moreover the antiandrogen reduced the incidence of sebaceous mitoses whereas the oestradiol did not [19].

Anatomical context of Sebum

• MK-386, an inhibitor of 5alpha-reductase type 1, reduces dihydrotestosterone concentrations in serum and sebum without affecting dihydrotestosterone concentrations in semen [20].
• Although the dioxin in the sebum was slightly decreased in phase V as compared with the control level, the total amount of excreted dioxin in feces and sebum was increased significantly in phase V, being 174% of the control level, which is almost the same level as that in the food [21].
• The highest rate of excretion was observed in parkinsonian males, in agreement with the possible main role of androgens or testosterone in sebum excretion, while the phenomenon did not appear to be related to abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system [22].
• The mechanism(s) for deposition of cocaine and codeine in sebum and stratum corneum appeared to be complex and could involve the transfer of drugs between different body fluids (i.e., sebum and sweat) and other matrices (i.e., skin and hair) [23].
• Ketoconazole distributes readily into blood, urine, saliva, joint fluid, sebum, and cerumen; recent data indicate it may penetrate into cerebrospinal fluid as well [24].

Associations of Sebum with chemical compounds

• Indeed, sebum production is under androgen control, and an abnormal response of the pilosebaceous unit to androgens appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of acne [25].
• Effects of sex steroid deprivation/administration on hair growth and skin sebum production in transsexual males and females [11].
• 5alpha-Androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol glucuronide levels were only weakly associated with hair growth and sebum production [11].
• This reduction persisted after discontinuation of isotretinoin therapy despite a return of sebum excretion to pretreatment levels [26].
• Estimation of sebum production rates in man by measurement of the squalene content of skin biopsies [27].

Gene context of Sebum

• Sebaceous gland cells of K10-/- mice showed an accelerated turnover and secreted more sebum including wax esters, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters [28].
• Moreover, the rates of hair growth on the extremities or of sebum excretion on the forehead do not seem to be correlated either positively with plasma androgens or negatively with SHBG, though they each have been shown to be correlated with circulating 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone [29].
• On the other hand, patients with rheumatoid arthritis had high levels of sebum excretion rate comparable to those found in patients with acne vulgaris [30].
• Recent results indicate that keratinocytes and sebocytes, as major components of pilosebaceous unit, may act as immune cells and may be activated by P. acnes via toll-like receptors (TLRs) and CD14, and through CD1 molecules may recognize altered lipid content in sebum, followed by the production of inflammatory cytokines [31].
• Pilo-sebaceous duct physiology. 2. The effect of keratin hydration on sebum excretion rate [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sebum

• When given orally, terbinafine is well absorbed and rapidly and extensively distributed to the skin and sebum in concentrations that exceed the minimum inhibitory concentrations of these organisms by several orders of magnitude [33].
• The favorable toxicological profile stimulated the evaluation of this arotinoid in animal models of sebum production [34].
• Lipoperoxides were determined in sebum as malondialdehyde by high performance liquid chromatography [35].
• This study describes the preliminary assessment of alginic acid as a factor buffering triethanolamine interacting with stearic acid--a compound of artificial skin sebum [36].
• Histochemical applications include silver staining for melanin particle, potassium ferricyanide staining for blood pigments and lipid staining with Sudan red, for sebum [37].

References