Disease relevance of Trichophyton

• OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was (1) to confirm whether atopy predisposes to chronic dermatophytosis and (2) to investigate whether Trichophyton infection induces atopic disease [1].
• Butenafine is a new antifungal agent with primary fungicidal activity against dermatophytes such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton rubrum which cause tinea infections [2].
• DTH skin testing to Candida, mumps, trichophyton, and PPD antigens was performed within 24 h of injury and resulted in anergic responses in all 10 patients when measured at 24, 48, and 72 h following administration [3].
• Utilizing this quantitative system, ketoconazole and griseofulvin ultramicrosize were compared in the treatment of distal subungual onychomycosis by Trichophyton rubrum [4].
• Furthermore, a return or increase in delayed type hypersensitivity to mumps, Candida, and trichophyton was seen in approximately 70% of patients treated with Ampligen [5].

High impact information on Trichophyton

• In addition, a novel Trichophyton allergen, encoding 412 amino acids, was identified by its human IgE antibody-binding activity [6].
• It has been shown by us and others that progesterone inhibits the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and that the organism escapes from this inhibition over time [7].
• Successful use of ketoconazole for invasive cutaneous Trichophyton rubrum infection [8].
• BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that Trichophyton infection is associated with atopy and allergy [1].
• RESULTS: At the end of the first 5 months of active treatment, there was a highly significant decrease in bronchial sensitivity to Trichophyton (P =.012) and in oral steroid requirement (P =.01) [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Trichophyton

• Butenafine was investigated for its activity against guinea pig dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis in comparison with those of naftifine, tolnaftate, clotrimazole, and bifonazole [10].
• To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the self-healing process of experimental dermatophytosis produced in guinea pigs by an occlusive method with Trichophyton mentagrophytes, epidermal proliferative activity was evaluated by the in vivo tritiated thymidine-labeling technique performed at various intervals after the first and second infections [11].
• The safety and efficacy of oral terbinafine in the treatment of finger onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum were evaluated in an open study including 11 patients [12].
• Tinea capitis: itraconazole in Trichophyton tonsurans infection [13].
• Patients with tinea capitis due to Trichophyton species were initially treated for 8 weeks with an extra 4 weeks of fluconazole if clinically indicated [14].

Biological context of Trichophyton

• To further investigate the immunology of Trichophyton, a 30-kDa T. tonsurans allergen was isolated by gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatography [15].
• Chronic dermatophyte infection: evaluation of the Ig class-specific antibody response reactive with polysaccharide and peptide antigens derived from Trichophyton mentagrophytes [16].
• Microsomal SE from the pathogenic yeast candida albicans was sixfold more sensitive to SDZ SBA 586 than to terbinafine, C50: 8 nM versus 44 nM, while the enzyme from the dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton rubrum was slightly less sensitive to SDZ SBA 586 than to terbinafine, IC50: 39 and 18 nM, respectively [17].
• Nucleotide sequences of chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene were analysed for the phylogenetic relation between Trichophyton violaceum and T. rubrum, including two isolates of T. raubitschekii and one isolate of T. rubrum var. nigricans [18].
• Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing to five common recall antigens (Varidase, Candida, PPD, Trichophyton, and Mumps) was performed on 50 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery [19].

Anatomical context of Trichophyton

• Treatment with itraconazole of widespread tinea corporis due to Trichophyton rubrum in a bone marrow transplant recipient [20].
• To verify this observation further, we inoculated Trichophyton rubrum into human epidermal keratinocyte cultures in the presence of hydrocortisone [21].
• Effects of different temperatures on cell wall formation and polysaccharide arrangement in Trichophyton mentagrophytes: considerations from a cytochemical study [22].
• Autophagic vacuole development in Trichophyton mentagrophytes exposed in vitro to miconazole [23].

Associations of Trichophyton with chemical compounds

• Steroid metabolism as a mechanism of escape from progesterone-mediated growth inhibition in Trichophyton mentagrophytes [7].
• Clinical Trichophyton rubrum strain exhibiting primary resistance to terbinafine [24].
• Effects of antifungal agents on ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes: differential inhibitory sites of naphthiomate and miconazole [25].
• KP-103 was as active as clotrimazole and neticonazole but was less active than lanoconazole and butenafine against Trichophyton rubrum (MIC at which 80% of isolates are inhibited [MIC(80)], 0.125 microg/ml) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MIC(80), 0.25 microg/ml) [26].
• Twelve esters (C1-C6) of erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid and related compounds were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at pH 5.7 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum in Sabouraud dextrose agar [27].

Gene context of Trichophyton

• Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I and II genes, the ATPase9 gene, the NADH dehydrogenase ND4L and ND5 gene complex, and the glutaminyl, methionyl and arginyl tRNA genes from Trichophyton rubrum [28].
• Development of the primer set for the detection of the hsp60 gene in Trichophyton mentagrophytes cDNA [29].
• Repeated ubiquitin genes in Trichophyton mentagrophytes [30].
• Inhibition of growth of Trichophyton rubrum by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system [31].
• Elements with homology to TRS-1 were present in three phylogenetically related species, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton gourvilii, and Trichophyton soudanense, but these elements were not identified in other dermatophyte taxa [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Trichophyton

• By use of Trichophyton tonsurans extract linked to Sepharose as the immunosorbent, it was possible to measure IgE antibodies in 26/30 sera from skin test positive individuals [33].
• An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum antibodies within Ig classes IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE against two partially purified Trichophyton mentagrophytes-derived antigens: polysaccharide (SAC) and peptide (PEP) [16].
• A gene encoding an ABC transporter in the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum, TruMDR1, was cloned by PCR using degenerate primers [34].
• Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel ABC transporter gene in the human pathogen Trichophyton rubrum [34].
• In the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method, PG-L-1 showed potent antifungal activity against nine clinically isolated strains of Trichophyton spp., although the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were slightly higher than those of bifonazole [35].

References