Disease relevance of Petroleum

• Hemolytic anemia developed in young herring gulls and Atlantic puffins given daily oral doses of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil [1].
• Streptomyces strains isolated from the Kuwait Burgan oil field were defined as S. griseoflavus, S. parvus, and S. plicatus utilised n-hexadecane, n-octadecane (purified fractions of mineral oil), kerosene, and crude oil as sole carbon and energy sources [2].
• Effects of medium composition on cell pigmentation, cytochrome content, and ferric iron reduction in a Pseudomonas sp. isolated from crude oil [3].
• The relationship between the phenomena alkane oxidation, extreme hydrophobicity of the cell surface, and crude-oil emulsification in Rhodococcus sp. strain 094 was investigated [4].
• Mixed-function oxidase-dependent metabolism of crude oil components may be required for toxicity since administration of 20 micrograms of disulfiram in dioxane 1 hr prior to application of 1.3 microliter of PBCO reduced embryo mortality from 60 to 20% [5].

High impact information on Petroleum

• A SERIES of acylic isoprenoid alkanes, of which pristane and phytane are typical, frequently occurs in crude oils, shales, coals, bitumens and so on [6].
• Minor overlaps of HFOs and crude oils were observed along all five PARAFAC factors, and the variability of crude oils was large along factor 2 due to a varying content of five-ring PACs [7].
• Freeze-fracturing and scanning electron microscopy analyses suggested that the effect of the crude oil and of the terpinen-4-ol was mediated by their interaction with plasma membrane and subsequent reorganization of membrane lipids [8].
• A crude oil sample (42.1% linoleic acid, 37.3% oleic acid, 13.4% palmitic acid, and 7.0% stearic acid) was mixed with 0.25% of a nickel-based catalyst and submitted to two independent hydrogenation conditions: 175 degrees C, 3 atm, 545 rpm for 60 min (GH(1) sample), and 150 degrees C, 1 atm, 545 rpm for 30 min (GH(2) sample) [9].
• The quantification of 20 C0-C3-alkylphenols in crude oils is demonstrated by analyzing a shale oil (SRM 1580) and a petroleum crude oil (SRM 1582) [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Petroleum

• Halomonas eurihalina strain H-28 is a moderately halophilic bacterium that produces an extracellular polysaccharide not only in media with glucose but also in media supplemented with hydrocarbons (n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, n-octane, xylene, mineral light oil, mineral heavy oil, petrol, or crude oil) [11].
• Hydrophobicity development, alkane oxidation, and crude-oil emulsification in a Rhodococcus species [4].
• The marine cyanobacteria Oscillatoria salina Biswas, Plectonema terebrans Bornet et Flahault and Aphanocapsa sp. degraded Bombay High crude oil when grown in artificial seawater nutrients as well as in plain natural seawater [12].
• A Pseudomonas sp. isolated from crude oil reduced ferric ions (Fe(III)) to ferrous ions (Fe(II)) [13].
• Four bacteria, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus were isolated from crude oil polluted soils using anthracene as the sole carbon and energy source [14].

Biological context of Petroleum

• Blockade of AhR pathway components with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides demonstrated that the key developmental defects induced by weathered crude oil exposure are mediated by low-molecular-weight tricyclic PAHs through AhR-independent disruption of cardiovascular function and morphogenesis [15].
• Lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized to produce ethanol, a promising alternative energy source for the limited crude oil [16].
• Administration of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) to rats has been shown to (a) inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid, or epinephrine and (b) induce benzo-alpha-pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) in the liver and small intestine [17].

Anatomical context of Petroleum

• Red blood cells from nestling herring gulls and Atlantic puffins that had ingested 10 ml or more of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil/kg body weight/day for four to five days were examined by light and electron microscopy [18].
• Histological evaluation of the testes showed slight to severe degeneration or even complete absence of seminiferous tubules and necrosis of cells depending on the dose of the crude oil [19].
• The CON content was measured spectrophotometrically by the dimethylglyoxime reaction following nitric acid:perchloric acid: sulfuric acid (3:1:1) digestion of blood, urine, and feces samples at 2, 4, 8, and 16 days after the crude oil application [20].

Associations of Petroleum with chemical compounds

• Time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of high-molecular-weight alkanes in crude oil by silver nitrate chemical ionization after laser desorption [21].
• The most probable number (MPN) of crude oil component degraders was estimated for several aromatic compounds (naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene) and for undecane [22].
• One strain, which was designated VT8T, could degrade n-hexadecane, pristane and some crude oil components [23].
• Various alkylbenzenes were depleted during growth of an anaerobic, sulfate-reducing enrichment culture with crude oil as the only source of organic substrates [24].
• Dibenzothiophene is a sulfur heterocycle found in crude oils and coal [25].

Gene context of Petroleum

• In addition, we emphasized the biological transformation of crude oil hydrocarbons into MXR inhibitors by oil-degrading bacteria, and the risk potentially caused by powerful natural MXR inhibitors produced by invasive species [26].
• These cultures degraded C30 17alpha(H),21beta(H)-hopane and the C31-C34 extended hopanes in Bonny Light crude oil after 21 days of incubation at 30 degrees C. The C35 extended hopanes were conserved, and no 25-norhopanes were detected during the incubation [27].
• PCD yields are significantly higher in populations exposed to mixed chemicals, crude oil and cytostatic drugs, compared with controls [28].
• A waxy crude oil which gels below a threshold temperature has been investigated under static and dynamic conditions, using a combination of rheological methods, optical microscopy, and DSC [29].
• Here we demonstrate that spiking of crude oils with synthetic imidazolines followed by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation multistage mass spectrometry (LC/ESI - MS(n)) allows an estimation of low (<10) parts per million concentrations of individual imidazolines in crude oils [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Petroleum

• Hydrocarbon analysis by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) showed that representative strains of the four genera had the potential for the accumulation of hydrocarbons (the aliphatic n-hexadecane, aromatic phenanthrene and crude oil hydrocarbons) from aqueous media [31].

References