Disease relevance of Intestinal Secretions

• Effect of chlorpromazine on intestinal secretion mediated by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin and 8-Br-cyclic GMP in infant mice [1].
• Nitric oxide inhibits rat intestinal secretion by Clostridium difficile toxin A but not Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin [2].
• These studies further suggest that, in contrast to its role in cholera enterotoxin-induced intestinal secretion, cyclic adenosine monophosphate may not be in the mediator of shigella enterotoxin stimulation of intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion [3].
• These data support the role of calcium in modulating the effects of serotonin, and they suggest a new promising technology for the management of serotonin-induced intestinal secretion such as that seen in the carcinoid syndrome [4].
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major agent of seafood gastroenteritis that induces intestinal secretion in the rabbit through its thermostable direct hemolysin [5].

High impact information on Intestinal Secretions

• Entamoeba histolytica causes intestinal secretion: role of serotonin [6].
• DSS treatment increased PGE(2) intestinal secretion in all groups except COX-2(-/-) mice [7].
• Prevention and reversal of cholera enterotoxin-induced intestinal secretion by methylprednisolone induction of Na+-K+-ATPase [8].
• CONCLUSIONS: Leptin plays an important role in regulating the severity of enterotoxin-mediated intestinal secretion and inflammation by activating both corticosteroid-dependent and -independent mechanisms [9].
• CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral CRH may play a proinflammatory role in toxin A-induced intestinal secretion and inflammation and that CRH(1) receptor, at least in part, is important in the mediation of these responses [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Intestinal Secretions

• Unlike cholera and Escherichia coli enterotoxins which have been shown to increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in the small intestine, the mechanism by which shigella enterotoxin causes intestinal secretion is not known [3].
• In the work described in this report, we observed that treatment of ligated rat intestinal loops with purified STb of E. coli resulted in a dose-dependent rise in intestinal secretion concomitant with dose-related increases in levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) [11].
• The heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) of Escherichia coli causes intestinal secretion by stimulating guanylate cyclase, an enzyme believed to be distinct from the STa receptor [12].
• Angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blockade inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced intestinal secretion in a rabbit model [13].
• Loperamide modifies Escherichia coli, heat-stable enterotoxin-induced intestinal secretion [14].

Biological context of Intestinal Secretions

• The rationale for using octreotide in refractory diarrhoea, intestinal motility disorders, and fistulae relates to its ability to promote intestinal absorption and inhibit gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal secretion [15].
• Induction of P-glycoprotein by rifampin increases intestinal secretion of talinolol in human beings: a new type of drug/drug interaction [16].
• We therefore hypothesized that rifampin affects pharmacokinetics of the P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol, a beta1-blocker without appreciable metabolic disposition but intense intestinal secretion in human beings [16].
• The results indicate that a substantial IgA antibody response occurs in sera and in gut secretions of G. muris-resistant mice and that IgA antibody is the dominant and possibly the only effector antibody active in intestinal secretions during G. muris infection in mice [17].
• The systemic and mucosal humoral response to toxin A, the primary virulence factor of Clostridium difficile, was measured in sera and intestinal secretions from 21 patients with C. difficile diarrhea, 9 asymptomatic C. difficile fecal excretors, and 10 noncolonized control subjects [18].

Anatomical context of Intestinal Secretions

• The secretory actions of cytokines appear to be mediated by arachidonic acid metabolites most likely produced by cells of the lamina propria and submucosa and may play a role in inflammatory processes in which intestinal secretion is enhanced [19].
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: It is uncertain whether peptide YY (PYY) inhibits human intestinal secretion directly through enterocyte receptors or via indirect neural mechanisms [20].
• To purify the putative luminal CCK-releasing factor (LCRF), intestinal secretions were collected by perfusing a modified Thiry-Vella fistula of jejunum in conscious rats [21].
• Metabolites of arachidonic acid have been implicated in the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis-they can stimulate intestinal secretion, increase mucosal blood flow, and influence smooth muscle activity [22].
• The mechanism of intestinal secretion of the difluorinated quinolone sparfloxacin was investigated with the epithelial cell line Caco-2 and was compared to that of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate vinblastine [23].

Associations of Intestinal Secretions with chemical compounds

• Cyclic AMP is thought to mediate small intestinal secretion caused by some enterotoxins, hormones, and methylxanthines [24].
• Prostaglandins and cyclic adenosine monophosphate have been claimed to play a major role in the morphine withdrawal syndrome, but intestinal secretion has not been ruled out as being responsible, at least in part, for the accompanying diarrhea [25].
• CONCLUSIONS: Igmesine, a final sigma ligand, inhibits PGE2-induced intestinal secretion in normal humans [26].
• CONCLUSIONS: Benzalkonium chloride treatment eliminated the ability of cholera toxin to induce intestinal secretion [27].
• Inhibition of prostaglandin-induced intestinal secretion by igmesine in healthy volunteers [26].

Gene context of Intestinal Secretions

• We conclude that the so-called PYY-preferring receptor mediating inhibition of intestinal secretion is a peripheral Y(2) receptor [28].
• GIP also has an effect on the volume and/or electrolyte composition of intestinal secretion and saliva [29].
• It is widely recognised that intestinal secretion of digoxin is mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter Multidrug Resistance 1, MDR1 [30].
• The changes in the colonic contents of PYY, VIP and somatostatin may cause low intestinal secretion and, together with slow GIT, give rise to constipation, which is a common symptom in diabetes [31].
• Intraluminal mediators of CCK secretion, luminal CCK releasing factor and diazepam-binding inhibitor, were purified from rat intestinal secretion [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Intestinal Secretions

• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Igmesine, a final sigma ligand, has been shown to inhibit intestinal secretion and diarrhea in animal models [26].
• Small bowel cutaneous fistula appearing after laparotomy was treated with the tetradecapeptide somatostatin in six patients to reduce the volume and enzyme content of the intestinal secretion [33].
• A significant rise in anti-PC immunoglobulin A (IgA) titers, as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was observed in the intestinal secretions after oral immunization with PC-loaded microparticles compared with the titers of mice immunized with free PC-thyr or blank microparticles [34].
• Two other groups of rats received R/S-verapamil as an intravenous infusion and the intestinal secretion and metabolism were studied by simultaneously perfusing the jejunum with a control or with chlorpromazine (10 mM) added [35].
• Sandostatin (octreotide, Sandoz, Basle, Switzerland), a long-acting octapeptide analog of somatostatin, inhibits experimentally induced intestinal secretion and has been used successfully to treat patients with secretory diarrhea refractory to other pharmacotherapy [36].

References