Disease relevance of Ganglia, Parasympathetic

• The developmental loss of neurons in sympathetic, sensory, and some parasympathetic ganglia in familial dysautonomia suggests an inherited defect in the action of beta-nerve growth factor (beta-NGF) [1].
• Bradycardia might be elicited by binding of SP to the receptors present in the parasympathetic ganglia and subsequent release of acetylcholine [2].
• VAChT was progressively restricted to a small population of VMAT2-negative post-ganglionic neurons in the adult sympathetic chain, while VMAT2 expression persisted in sympathetic principal ganglion and SIF cells but was eventually extinguished in cranial parasympathetic ganglia [3].

High impact information on Ganglia, Parasympathetic

• We now report the presence of a slow hyperpolarizing synaptic potential (slow-h.s.p.) in neurones of cat vesical parasympathetic ganglia, produced by stimulating the preganglionic nerves, and provide evidence that the slow-h.s.p. is mediated by adenosine [4].
• In contrast to what has been observed for sympathetic neurons, NPY-immunoreactive neurons in cranial parasympathetic ganglia do not contain detectable catecholamines or tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.2) immunoreactivity, and many do contain immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide and/or choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) [5].
• Development of cranial parasympathetic ganglia requires sequential actions of GDNF and neurturin [6].
• We recently showed that neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity occurs in subpopulations of neurons in 3 cranial parasympathetic ganglia: the otic, sphenopalatine, and ciliary [7].
• In the periphery, parasympathetic ganglia contained higher levels of ADA than sensory ganglia and brain [8].

Biological context of Ganglia, Parasympathetic

• Synaptic transmission in parasympathetic ganglia of the cat urinary bladder was depressed by low doses (0.1-10 micrograms i.a.) of Leu- or Met-enkephalin but only by larger doses (10 micrograms-1 mg i.a.) of morphine [9].
• Nitric oxide facilitates vagal control of heart rate via actions in the cardiac parasympathetic ganglia of the anaesthetised dog [10].
• This indicates that vagally mediated bronchoconstriction in humans can be inhibited by blockade of pirenzepine-sensitive (M1) muscarinic receptors probably present on a different site from muscarinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction and presumably localized to parasympathetic ganglia [11].

Anatomical context of Ganglia, Parasympathetic

• 1. Acetylcholine (Ach) release from parasympathetic ganglia cell somata was investigated in denervated avian ciliary ganglia [12].
• Phentolamine effects on bladder activity suggest that blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors inhibits primarily the transmission in vesical and/or pelvic parasympathetic ganglia and acts secondarily through direct depression of the vesical smooth muscle [13].
• Systemic injection of antibodies against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) induces complement-mediated destruction of preganglionic nerve terminals in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, but spares other AChE-rich structures, such as nerve terminals in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia, and the neuromuscular junction [14].
• In addition, high levels of CB1 receptor messenger RNA were also found in areas of the peripheral nervous system such as the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, in the retina and in the enteric ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract [15].
• The presence of putative dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) neurons in topographically distinct regions of the dmnX implicates, DA, NA and A in the modulation of cholinergic transmission at the level of parasympathetic ganglia in discrete parts of the thoracic and abdominal viscera [16].

Associations of Ganglia, Parasympathetic with chemical compounds

• Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (MEPSCs), and acetylcholine-induced current fluctuations (noise) have been studied in voltage-clamped bullfrog parasympathetic ganglion cells of the atrial septum [17].
• Reduction of the N-type calcium current by noradrenaline in neurones of rabbit vesical parasympathetic ganglia [18].
• Electrophysiological effects of tachykinins and capsaicin on guinea-pig bronchial parasympathetic ganglion neurones [19].
• Calcium-dependent chloride current in neurones of the rabbit pelvic parasympathetic ganglia [20].
• These results suggest that NA activates the extracellular Ca2+- and Mg2+-sensitive cation channels via alpha 1-adrenoceptors in neurones freshly isolated from rat cardiac parasympathetic ganglia [21].

Gene context of Ganglia, Parasympathetic

• Gfra1 mRNA was expressed at E12 but not in newborn cranial parasympathetic ganglia, while Gfra2 mRNA and protein were strongly expressed in newborn and adult cranial parasympathetic neurons and their projections, respectively [22].
• Functional and autoradiographic studies of endothelin-1 and endothelin-2 in human bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and airway parasympathetic ganglia [23].
• PR immunoexpression was absent from all tissues studied in control rats at all ages with the exception of the parasympathetic ganglia of the prostate [24].
• Relatively little is known about the development of parasympathetic ganglia, but GDNF appears to play a role in the migration of some cranial ganglion precursors to their correct location, and both GDNF and neurturin are involved in the growth of parasympathetic axons into particular targets [25].
• Neurturin, a member of the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor familys of ligands, is important for development of many cranial parasympathetic ganglion neurons [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ganglia, Parasympathetic

• We conclude that halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane attenuated airway constriction by several mechanisms, including 1) reduced excitability of the postsynaptic nicotinic receptors of the intramural parasympathetic ganglia and 2) an effect on the smooth muscle and/or on the muscarinic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[27]
• The presence of non-NMDA glutamate receptors in the rat sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia was examined by immunocytochemistry using specific antibodies against AMPA-type excitatory amino acid receptor subunits (GluR1-4) [28].
• These results suggest that surgical vagal denervation causes an increase in the density of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors presumably located on the parasympathetic ganglion cells [29].

References