Disease relevance of Viscera

• Hereditary non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis (Ostertag-type) is a rare autosomal dominant disease in which amyloid deposition in the viscera is usually fatal by the fifth decade [1].
• Altered glutamine metabolism in rat portal drained viscera and hindquarter during hyperammonemia [2].
• The comparable net portal drained viscera glutamine uptake in normal and portacaval shunted rats changed during liver ischemia from net uptake to release, coinciding with release of most other amino acids [2].
• Yellow fever virus was recovered in suckling mice and C6/36 cells from blood in both cases, as well as from fragments of liver, spleen, skin, and heart from the first case and from these and other viscera fragments in case 2 [3].
• It is clear that patients with AL who have advanced amyloid cardiomyopathy or more than 2 major viscera involved with disease are poor candidates for SCT [4].

High impact information on Viscera

• RESULTS: In tumor-bearing rats, the net uptake of energy substrates (ketones and glutamine) and net protein synthesis increased across the portal drained viscera, whereas mucosal glutamine concentrations decreased [5].
• The portal drained viscera glutamine release during severe hyperammonemia could be due to intestinal damage [2].
• The net efflux of nearly all amino acids by the portal-drained viscera increased significantly less (P less than 0.001) in the isoleucine group [6].
• The portal drained viscera consumed glutamine and produced ammonia, alanine, and citrulline [7].
• In patients with a first relapse in the viscera, VEGF levels were higher compared with those that relapsed to the bone or soft tissue (P = 0.0004) [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Viscera

• The response rates to tamoxifen at different sites of metastases were as follows: bones 47%, soft tissues 56%, and viscera 48% [9].
• Thus, beta adrenoceptor agonists stimulate production of uric acid in tissues other than the liver and the viscera, and hyperuricemia results [10].
• These findings indicate that taeniasis solium can be transmitted through eating raw or undercooked pork or viscera of pigs following refrigeration at 4 C for less than 30 days [11].
• Ciguatoxin, the principal toxin responsible for ciguatera, isolated from moray eel viscera, has been separated into two distinct components by alumina chromatography [12].
• Broiler by-products (heads, feet, and viscera) mixed with 4% dextrose were pasteurized for 4 min at 90 degrees C core temperature, cooled to 20 degrees C, and fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum as starter culture [13].

Biological context of Viscera

• Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates just before abdominal viscera traction were less (p is less than 0.05) in patients paralyzed with d-tubocurarine than with pancuronium despite similar arterial halothane concentrations [14].
• While the liver utilized 73% of lactate during pregnancy, this value fell to only 42% during lactation, at which time the portal-drained viscera utilized 26% of the lactate [15].
• Nodularin concentrations reached levels of concern in mussels and in prawn viscera at cell counts as low as 30,000 cells/ml [16].
• Concomitantly, the incidence of bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes and viscera were reduced significantly at 0.5, 2, 6, and 24 hours postresuscitation in animals receiving polymyxin B (p < 0.05 to 0.01), whereas there were no differences with respect to number of translocating bacteria between the two groups (p > 0.05) [17].
• When administered to mice during gestation, the heavy metal, cadmium, is known to induce malformations of the neural tube, craniofacial region, limbs, trunk, viscera, and axial skeleton that vary in scope and severity among inbred strains of mice [18].

Anatomical context of Viscera

• The distribution of NPY-like immunoreactivity in L6 and S1 of the rat spinal cord suggests that an NPY-like peptide may be involved in regulation of pelvic viscera, processing of primary afferent information, and motor regulation of pelvic muscles [19].
• To investigate this hypothesis, portal drained viscera (intestines) fluxes and jejunal tissue concentrations of ammonia and glutamine were measured in portacaval shunted rats with a ligated bile duct, portacaval shunted, and sham operated rats, seven and 14 days after surgery, and in normal unoperated controls [20].
• Pitx2, a homeodomain transcription factor, is essential for normal development of the pituitary gland, craniofacial region, eyes, heart, abdominal viscera, and limbs [21].
• Surface coil MR imaging of abdominal viscera. Part II. The adrenal glands [22].
• Arteriovenous difference measurements across the portal drained viscera indicated a net glutamate release into the portal vein in control, 60% casein-fed and diabetic rats [23].

Associations of Viscera with chemical compounds

• More treatment failures at distant sites, such as viscera (P =.02), were observed in the tamoxifen group [24].
• The LHA is known to contain neurons that are stimulated by falls in circulating glucose but inhibited by feeding-related signals from the viscera; orexin neurons may correspond to this neuronal population [25].
• Coincident with advances in perioperative management, including parenteral nutrition and mechanical ventilation, has been the introduction of staged reduction of the viscera using prosthetic material [26].
• The results of this study suggest that: a) antral acidification per se does not inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion; and b) antral distension with acid, and to a lesser extent with alkali, is inhibitory only if vagal innervation to the fundus and other abdominal viscera is preserved [27].
• Unlabelled leucine also is produced by the portal-drained viscera, and some is removed immediately by the liver [28].

Gene context of Viscera

• These findings contrast sharply with the effects of ASIC1, 2, and 3 in skin, suggesting that targeting these subunits with pharmacological agents may have different and more pronounced effects on mechanosensitivity in the viscera [29].
• We correlate fgf8 deficient laterality defects in the brain and viscera with the absence of KV, supporting a role for KV in proper LR patterning of these structures [30].
• Substance P, calcitonin gene related peptide and PGE2 co-released from the mouse colon: a new model to study nociceptive and inflammatory responses in viscera, in vitro [31].
• By in situ hybridization analysis, we show that the Meis2 gene displays spatially restricted expression patterns in the developing nervous system, limbs, face, and in various viscera [32].
• The RALDH-2 gene is also expressed in specific regions of the developing head, including the tooth buds, inner ear, meninges and pituitary gland, and in several viscera [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Viscera

• The general anesthetic-induced effects in SDCN, at least the potentiation of GABA responses, may significantly contribute to anesthesia of pelvic viscera during the general anesthesia [34].
• Blood supply to the abdominal viscera and lower extremities was achieved only by selective perfusion from the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and bilateral renal arteries [35].
• In the dog model, indium-111-labeled platelets thus provide a sensitive marker for noninvasive imaging of platelet deposition on mechanical mitral valve prostheses, in vitro evaluation of platelet microembolism in viscera, in vitro quantitation of surgical consumption of platelets, and evaluation of platelet-inhibitor drugs [36].
• Subsequent laparotomy revealed a benign tubal cystadenofibroma, but otherwise normal pelvic viscera [37].
• In summary, findings of the present study imply that: i) antagonism of 5-HT4 receptors mediates antinociception in enteric viscera and, to a lesser extent, in cutaneous terminals, and ii) dual inactivation of both 5-HT4 and 5-HT3 receptors induces visceral analgesia, a fact which might have clinical importance [38].

References