Disease relevance of Anaplasma

• Restriction of major surface protein 2 (MSP2) variants during tick transmission of the ehrlichia Anaplasma marginale [1].
• We report a patient with febrile illness and epidemiologic and clinical findings consistent with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and tickborne encephalitis, in whom infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction and seroconversion [2].
• Although immunization with live Anaplasma centrale has long been used to induce protection against acute disease upon challenge with virulent A. marginale, its MSP-2 structure and whether MSP-2 variants are generated during persistence of the vaccine strain was unknown [3].
• Analysis of involvement of the RecF pathway in p44 recombination in Anaplasma phagocytophilum and in Escherichia coli by using a plasmid carrying the p44 expression and p44 donor loci [4].
• Recombinant vaccinia virus expression of Anaplasma marginale surface protein MSP-1a: effect of promoters, leader sequences and GPI anchor sequence on antibody response [5].

High impact information on Anaplasma

• Murine neutrophils require alpha1,3-fucosylation but not PSGL-1 for productive infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum [6].
• This study tested the hypothesis that challenge of cattle with Anaplasma marginale expressing MSP2 variants to which the animals had been immunized, would stimulate variant epitope-specific recall CD4(+) T cell and IgG responses and organism clearance [7].
• Structurally distinct requirements for binding of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and sialyl Lewis x to Anaplasma phagocytophilum and P-selectin [8].
• Repression of rac2 mRNA expression by Anaplasma phagocytophila is essential to the inhibition of superoxide production and bacterial proliferation [9].
• Activation of a p44 pseudogene in Anaplasma phagocytophila by bacterial RNA splicing: a novel mechanism for post-transcriptional regulation of a multigene family encoding immunodominant major outer membrane proteins [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Anaplasma

• Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum lack genes for lipid A biosynthesis and incorporate cholesterol for their survival [11].
• Bovine erythrocytes infected with Anaplasma marginale were cultured for 1 to 5 days in a CO2 incubation chamber, pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine and [14C]methionine, lysed, and fractionated by differential centrifugation and continuous density gradient centrifugation in Renografin [12].
• The specificity of this antigen in detecting infected cattle as well as the conservation of MSP3 between strains of Anaplasma marginale was evaluated by using immunoblots of A. marginale proteins separated by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses [13].
• Canine DNA samples from South Africa were found to contain 16S rRNA gene nucleotide and citrate synthase gene nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences that were most similar to Anaplasma phagocytophilum: 98%, 66%, and 69% similarity, respectively [14].
• Anaplasma marginale: effect of the treatment of cattle with an interferon gamma-neutralizing monoclonal antibody or the nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor aminoguanidine on the course of infection [15].

Biological context of Anaplasma

• Antigenic variation of Anaplasma marginale msp2 occurs by combinatorial gene conversion [16].
• The 44-kDa immunodominant outer membrane proteins (P44 proteins) of Anaplasma phagocytophilum are encoded by the p44 polymorphic multigene family [17].
• Antigenic variation of Anaplasma marginale: major surface protein 2 diversity during cyclic transmission between ticks and cattle [18].
• Glycosylation of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and its putative role in adhesion to tick cells [19].
• This suggests that transcription of the three virB genes in these two Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. is regulated by factors that influence the sodB gene expression [20].

Anatomical context of Anaplasma

• Specific expression of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 salivary gland variants occurs in the midgut and is an early event during tick transmission [21].
• Sodium valproate facilitates the propagation of granulocytic ehrlichiae (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in HL-60 cells [22].
• Effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on the in vitro response of sensitized bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes to Anaplasma antigen [23].

Gene context of Anaplasma

• CXCR2 blockade influences Anaplasma phagocytophilum propagation but not histopathology in the mouse model of human granulocytic anaplasmosis [24].
• Biased immunoglobulin G1 isotype responses induced in cattle with DNA expressing msp1a of Anaplasma marginale [25].
• Polymorphism and transcription at the p44-1/p44-18 genomic locus in Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from diverse geographic regions [26].
• The Anaplasma marginale msp5 gene encodes a 19-kilodalton protein conserved in all recognized Anaplasma species [27].
• Derivation of the complete msp4 gene sequence of Anaplasma marginale without cloning [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Anaplasma

• Sequence analysis of p44 homologs expressed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum in infected ticks feeding on naive hosts and in mice infected by tick attachment [17].
• Sera from 491 Korean patients with acute febrile diseases were tested for Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophila antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blotting, and TaqMan real-time PCR [29].
• Detection of Anaplasma ovis infection in goats by major surface protein 5 competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [30].
• Elimination of naturally acquired chronic Anaplasma marginale infections with a long-acting oxytetracycline injectable [31].
• Chemoprophylaxis of Anaplasma ovis infection in sheep with a long-acting oxytetracycline [32].

References