Disease relevance of Chemoprevention

• Search terms utilized included ovarian neoplasms, primary prevention, chemoprevention, oral contraceptives, NSAIDs, retinoids, ovariectomy, and tubal sterilization [1].
• Possible effectiveness of clarithromycin and rifabutin for cryptosporidiosis chemoprophylaxis in HIV disease. HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators [2].
• BACKGROUND: Women and their clinicians are increasingly encouraged to use risk estimates derived from statistical models, primarily that of Gail et al., to aid decision making regarding potential prevention options for breast cancer, including chemoprevention with tamoxifen [3].
• Androgen deprivation as a strategy for prostate cancer chemoprevention [4].
• Beta-carotene and lung cancer: a lesson for future chemoprevention investigations [5]?

Psychiatry related information on Chemoprevention

• PURPOSE: To explore the health-related and psychological factors that influence decision making about tamoxifen (Nolvadex; AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA) chemoprevention in women at increased risk for developing breast cancer [6].
• This study examined physical activity in relation to all-site cancer and lung cancer incidence and mortality in a sample of current and former smokers (n = 7,045; 59% male; 95% Caucasian; mean age, 63 years) drawn from the beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, a lung cancer chemoprevention trial [7].
• Shared decision making about screening and chemoprevention. a suggested approach from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [8].
• Prostate cancer risk may be reduced by altering life-style and dietary factors and by using chemoprevention agents [9].

High impact information on Chemoprevention

• Failure of mefloquine chemoprophylaxis for malaria in Somalia [10].
• We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the antibody response of freshman veterinary students to intradermal human diploid-cell rabies vaccine administered concurrently with chloroquine, a drug frequently used for chemoprophylaxis against malaria [11].
• Vitamin C-mediated formation of genotoxins from lipid hydroperoxides in the absence of transition metal ions could help explain its lack of efficacy as a cancer chemoprevention agent [12].
• These results establish an unambiguous role for BAX in apoptotic processes in human epithelial cancers and may have implications for cancer chemoprevention strategies [13].
• Mefloquine is the drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis for most travelers, with doxycycline and chloroquine being less effective alternatives [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Chemoprevention

• Molecular epidemiology and retinoid chemoprevention of head and neck cancer [15].
• The benzoic acid derivatives of retinoic acid, often referred to as arotinoids, are synthetic retinoids that possess some of the properties of vitamin A. In general, these retinoids have more favorable therapeutic ratios, based on acute toxicity in adults, than all-trans-retinoic acid in cancer chemoprevention [16].
• Regression of oral leukoplakia with alpha-tocopherol: a community clinical oncology program chemoprevention study [17].
• Dose de-escalation chemoprevention trial of alpha-difluoromethylornithine in patients with colon polyps [18].
• Toxicity of isotretinoin in a chemoprevention trial to prevent second primary tumors following head and neck cancer [19].

Biological context of Chemoprevention

• Some novel retinoids, such as fenretinide, i.e., N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), induce apoptosis through retinoic acid receptor-independent mechanisms; however, they appear to do so only at concentrations above those achieved in clinical chemoprevention trials [20].
• CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that telomerase inhibition by PPA induces cell growth arrest in BEAC cells and demonstrate the potential of telomerase inhibitors in chemoprevention and treatment of Barrett's-associated esophageal adenocarcinoma [21].
• This article describes research from my laboratory and related research from other laboratories on the effects of enzyme induction on chemical carcinogenesis as an approach to cancer chemoprevention, as well as studies on the inhibitory effects of curcumin, caffeine, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and tea in animal models of carcinogenesis [22].
• On the basis of these observations, it was hypothesized that a possible mechanism by which limonene exerts its effects on the chemoprevention and regression of mammary tumors involves the inhibition of protein isoprenylation of the small G protein p21 [23].
• Since two-thirds or more of lung cancers have p53 alterations, the timing and frequency of p53 protein accumulation make the p53 tumor suppressor gene an attractive marker for early diagnosis and evaluation of chemoprevention agents [24].

Anatomical context of Chemoprevention

• Cyclin D1 proteolysis: a retinoid chemoprevention signal in normal, immortalized, and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells [25].
• Nuclear retinoid acid receptor beta in bronchial epithelium of smokers before and during chemoprevention [26].
• Although the pancreas is refractory to the enzyme inductive effects of these antioxidants, morphometric analysis of foci demonstrated chemoprevention by BHA and BHT of azaserine-induced foci [27].
• Although effects of AZ on functions other than polyamine metabolism are possible, alterations in polyamines are the most likely explanation for the reduction in tumors, supporting the use of strategies to modulate polyamine levels for cancer chemoprevention in individuals at high risk of developing malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract [28].
• Additionally, p38 appears to play a critical role in the UVA-induced expression of COX-2 in these keratinocytes and may serve as a potential drug target in the chemoprevention of skin cancer [29].

Associations of Chemoprevention with chemical compounds

• Toxic effects of isoniazid in tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis. Role of biochemical monitoring in 1,000 patients [30].
• Retinoid chemoprevention trial begins against bladder cancer [31].
• Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS [32].
• The present data indicate that fluorouracil chemoprophylaxis offers a significant improvement of five-year cure rate of patients with stage II and III disease, an overall increase of 28.1% (P less than .01) [33].
• Of the 50,104,829 white U.S. women aged 35-79 years, 2,431,911 (4.9%, 95% CI = 4.3% to 5.4%) would have a positive benefit/risk index for tamoxifen chemoprevention [34].

Gene context of Chemoprevention

• Ornithine decarboxylase is a target for chemoprevention of basal and squamous cell carcinomas in Ptch1+/- mice [35].
• CONCLUSIONS: These data establish a role for COX-2 in promoting Peutz-Jeghers polyposis and suggest that COX-2 chemoprevention may prove beneficial in the treatment of PJS [36].
• These findings thereby identify COX-2 as a potential target for chemoprevention in PJS patients [37].
• Chemoprevention options for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers [38].
• NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is implicated in both chemoprevention and bioactivation of DNA-damaging antitumor agents [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chemoprevention

• No tuberculosis occurred in physicians who used isoniazid chemoprophylaxis, but two thirds of tuberculin-negative physicians did not have annual skin tests, 56% of known recent converters used no chemoprophylaxis, and 25% of those initiating isoniazid prophylaxis did not complete a 12-month course [40].
• Immunizations, immunoprophylaxis, and chemoprophylaxis to prevent selected infections. US Preventive Services Task Force [41].
• After treatment with chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, 118 school children aged 6 to 10 years living near the Kenyan coast were enrolled in a malaria chemoprophylaxis study and followed up for 20 weeks [42].
• Hematologic remissions of good prognosis patients who received treatment with the regimen employing i.t. chemoprophylaxis during consolidation were statistically superior when compared to the regimen employing CNS radiotherapy plus i.t. MTX [43].
• Our findings suggest that (a) ornithine decarboxylase plays a key role in growth of autochthonous experimental colonic tumors, and (b) DFMO may have potential for chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of colorectal neoplasms in human beings [44].

References