Disease relevance of Mercaptoethanol

• Acquired type I von Willebrand's disease associated with highly substituted hydroxyethyl starch [1].
• Hepatitis B virus DNA contains a tightly bound protein which was not removed by healing to 60 degrees C with 2% SDS, 2% mercaptoethanol [2].
• All lymphomas stimulated to grow more rapidly in vitro by normal macrophages were stimulated to a similar degree by 2-mercaptoethanol [3].
• Bone marrow colony formation was sarcoma virus dependent, followed single-hit kinetics, and required the presence of mercaptoethanol in the agar medium [4].
• Anaphylaxis due to hydroxyethyl-starch-reactive antibodies [5].

Psychiatry related information on Mercaptoethanol

• CONCLUSIONS: Hydroxyethyl radicals bound to CYP2E1 on hepatocyte plasma membranes can target immune reactions triggered by alcohol abuse [6].
• The addition of 2-ME to the culture medium shifted the cell cycle kinetics toward and earlier peak response time (day 2), and significant differences among groups were seen only under suboptimal conditions [7].
• 2-ME more than doubled the latency period of leukemia expression and extended survival for at least 210 days [8].
• Age-related behavioural deficits, such as locomotor activity, habituation performance and learning ability, do not reflect any effect of 2-ME long-term treatment [9].

High impact information on Mercaptoethanol

• This complex cannot be disrupted by boiling in SDS buffer containing 2-mercaptoethanol [10].
• Enhancement of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease activity by mercaptoethanol [11].
• Before and after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, a ratio of S/CSF antibody titers of less than or equal to 20 with either the passive hemagglutinating (PHA) or immune adherence hemagglutinating (IAHA) antibody tests occurred in every patient with HSVE [12].
• Rat bone marrow was cultured for 4 wk in RPMI 1640 with 5% fetal calf serum and 2-mercaptoethanol to allow the formation of an adherent stromal cell layer containing NK precursor cells [13].
• Various protease inhibitors had no or only a little effect, and mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol strongly decreased the binding of 125I-PSTI [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Mercaptoethanol

• METHODS: Between January, 2000, and June, 2001, we recruited 201 patients with sudden hearing loss from four otorhinolaryngology clinics in Germany. Patients were randomly allocated to single fibrinogen/LDL apheresis or standard treatment (250 mg prednisolone reduced by 25 mg per day, 500 mL 6% hydroxyethyl starch, 400 mg pentoxifylline per day) [15].
• Others, such as ovalbumin, fetuin, bromelain, ovomucoid, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, immunoglobulin G, and influenza virus hemagglutinin became susceptible only after reduction and alkylation or when cleavage was performed in the presence of 1% 2-mercaptoethanol [16].
• The hepatoma cell-derived activity was non-dialyzable, heat-labile, stable between pH 4 to 11, inactivated by trypsin and mercaptoethanol treatment, and stable after treatment with 6 M urea and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride [17].
• Inhibition of lymphoma growth in vivo by combined treatment with hydroxyethyl starch deferoxamine conjugate and IgG monoclonal antibodies against the transferrin receptor [18].
• The therapeutic efficacy of EC-SOD gene delivery by polycationic liposomes was determined against the toxicity of superoxide anions and hydroxyethyl radicals in HepG2 cells and in a mouse model of acute liver injury caused by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide intoxication [19].

Biological context of Mercaptoethanol

• Unfractionated spleen cells restored an adoptive secondary serum antibody response which was all IgG (2-mercaptoethanol resistant) [20].
• The effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on tumor cell growth was also studied [3].
• The present study examined whether alkylation of proteins by hydroxyethyl radicals induces an immunologic response in alcoholic patients [21].
• Spindles of altered geometry were produced in sea urchin eggs by two methods: (a) early prometaphase spindles were cut into half spindles by micromanipulation or (b) mercaptoethanol was used to indirectly induce the formation of spindles with only one pole [22].
• The contribution of disulfide bonds to zeolin destiny was determined by studying in vivo the effects of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and by zeolin mutagenesis [23].

Anatomical context of Mercaptoethanol

• Nonspecific activation of murine lymphocytes. I. Proliferation and polyclonal activation induced by 2-mercaptoethanol and alpha-thioglycerol [24].
• This 2-ME-treated FCS was able to substitute the function of adherent cells in the primary immune response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro; Fractionation of 2-tme-treated FCS on a Sephadex G-100 column showed that 2-ME acted on a high molecular serum component which after activation, could substitute for macrophages [25].
• Thymus-dependent (T) cells did not support significant 2-ME, alpha TG, or Concanavalin A responses in the absence of serum [24].
• A substance which was mitogenic for murine B lymphocytes in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol was isolated from agar [26].
• The Fc gamma-binding protein was efficiently solubilized by a mixture of Na-EDTA and 2-mercaptoethanol, but not with one of these agents alone, indicating that both divalent cations and disulfide bridges are involved in the linkage of the Fc gamma-binding protein to the cell membrane [27].

Associations of Mercaptoethanol with other chemical compounds

• On the other hand, the dose-response curve of cystine was dramatically shifted to lower concentrations by the addition of 2-ME (1 x 10(-5) M), which alone could not elicit the antibody response in the absence of cystine, nor could it augment furthermore the maximal response induced by 2.5 mM half-cystine [28].
• Sonicates of spleen cells which had been activated with optimal concentrations of 2-ME for 24 h and then washed extensively, stimulated the uptake of tritiated thymidine and morphological blast transformation of fresh, unstimulated cells [29].
• Because of their ability to solubilize mucin-type glycoproteins, we tested the ability of the reducing agents 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) and N-acetylcysteine (NAcCys) to solubilize gallstone matrix [30].
• The second, not dissociable by mercaptoethanol, had an amino acid composition similar to that of erythrocyte membranes and spectrin (unlike globin) and like that of aggregates produced by the action of malonyldialdehyde on normal erythrocyte membranes [31].
• Because hydroxyethyl radicals are produced during ethanol metabolism by liver microsomes, the aim of this study was to determine whether such antibodies recognize microsomal proteins complexed with hydroxyethyl radicals [32].

Gene context of Mercaptoethanol

• IFN alpha-activated suppressor cells also inhibited proliferation in mixed lymphocyte and mitogen-stimulated PBMC cultures; again, catalase and 2-ME blocked suppression [33].
• Maximum URA8-encoded CTP synthetase activity was dependent on Mg2+ ions (Ka = 2.4 mM) and 2-mercaptoethanol at the pH optimum of 7 [34].
• In this report we demonstrate that in vitro growth of these mast cell lines was not only dependent on IL-3 and synergistically enhanced by IL-4, but in addition regulated by alpha-thioglycerol which could be replaced by 2-ME or cysteamine [35].
• AT1 transferase required 2-mercaptoethanol for the activity [36].
• Analysis of CISP by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence or presence of SDS indicated an apparent molecular mass approximately equal to 600 kDa for the unreduced protein and an apparent molecular mass of 195 kDa after reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Mercaptoethanol

• After reduction of the sample with 2-mercaptoethanol, SDS-PAGE yields two chains with molecular weights of 31,500-34,500 and 54,000-65,000 [38].
• When isoelectric focusing electrophoresis was carried out over a narrow range of pH (5-7), each of the apolipoprotein E isoforms of affected members was observed as a doublet, even after reduction of dimers of the protein with 2-mercaptoethanol and treatment with neuraminidase to minimize the content of sialylated forms of the protein [39].
• METHODS: A microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed using as antigen human serum albumin or bovine fibrinogen reacted with chemically produced hydroxyethyl radicals [21].
• Such immunoreactivity was completely blocked when microsomes were incubated with ethanol in the presence of the spin-trapping agent 4-pyridyl-1-oxide-t-butyl nitrone or by preincubating the sera with hydroxyethyl radical-bound human albumin [32].
• Differences in results of microagglutination tests for the Legionnaires' disease bacterium on untreated sera and sera treated with 2-mercaptoethanol suggest that, like other agglutination tests, the microagglutination test is heavily dependent on the presence of IgM antibody [40].

References