Disease relevance of Yperite

• During storage, a relatively small number of paranuclear vacuoles developed within the epidermis, but the explants were still quite satisfactory for testing SM toxicity [1].
• Sulfur mustard (SM) induces vesication via poorly understood pathways [2].
• Sulfur mustard reacts rapidly with ocular tissues, and after a latent period of a few hours the patient starts suffering from severe eye pain, photophobia, excessive lacrimation and blindness [3].
• Levels of Cytokine in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Fluid in Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis Due to Sulfur Mustard Gas Inhalation [4].
• Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathological damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal separation) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Yperite

• The increase followed by decrease of spontaneous motor activity was observed following administration of yperite [6].

High impact information on Yperite

• Sulfur mustard has been shown to be mutagenic in a variety of different species using many different laboratory techniques from fruit flies, microorganisms and mammalian cell cultures (Fox and Scott, 1980) [7].
• Sulfur mustard is cytotoxic to dermal fibroblasts as well as epidermal keratinocytes [8].
• Sulfur mustard induces markers of terminal differentiation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via a Ca2+-calmodulin and caspase-dependent pathway [2].
• The explants were then organ cultured in small Petri dishes for 24 h at 36 degrees C. In the 0.03-1.0% dosage range, a straight-line dose-response relationship occurred between the concentration of SM applied and the number of paranuclear vacuoles seen histologically in the epidermis [1].
• P2X purinoceptor-mediated phasic (twitch) motor responses of the isolated rat vas deferens to neurogenic or exogenous ATP were rapidly, specifically and irreversibly potentiated by bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (HD 10-100 microM) [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Yperite

• Bis-2-chloroethyl sulfide (sulfur mustard, HD) is a bifunctional alkylating agent which causes severe vesication characterized by slow wound healing [10].
• 1. The present study characterizes the role of extracellularly added glutathione in protection against sulfur mustard (HD) toxicity in a macrophage monocyte cell line J774 [11].
• The protective effects of L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) against the toxicity of sulphur mustard (HD) was characterized in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons [12].
• In the present study, the toxicity of yperite, SM, and its structural analogue mechlorethamine, HN2, was investigated in a human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE [13].

Biological context of Yperite

• Assessment of the role of DNA damage and repair in the survival of primary cultures of rat cutaneous keratinocytes exposed to bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide [14].
• Sulphur mustard (SM) (5 x 10(-8) M) given to primary Syrian hamster fibroblasts growing short-term in vitro produces a very sharp peak of chromatid aberrations 12-16 h after treatment [15].
• Sulfur mustard (SM), a potent vesicant and chemical warfare agent, induces tissue damage involving an inflammatory response, including vasodilatation, polymorphonuclear infiltration, production of inflammatory mediators, and cyclooxygenase activity [16].
• Sulfur mustard inhibited p-NPP hydrolysis [17].
• Clinical slowness of wound healing observed after cutaneous intoxication by BCES may thus be explained by direct alkylation of some structures and further disturbances of their biosynthesis [18].

Anatomical context of Yperite

• Effects of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide on ATP receptor-mediated responses of the rat vas deferens: possible relationship to cytotoxicity [9].
• Sulfur mustard induces apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells [19].
• Epidermal melanocytes have a higher sensitivity to sulphur mustard (HD) compared with other skin cell types [20].
• Sulphur mustard is a vesicant agent and causes cutaneous blisters, respiratory tract damage, eye lesions and bone marrow depression [21].
• Primary cultures of chick embryo neurons were exposed to sulphur mustard (HD) and L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and then incubated at either 25 or 37 degrees C. Lowering the temperature of the cultures decreased the 24-h toxicity of HD, but did not increase the efficacy of L-NAME protection [22].

Associations of Yperite with other chemical compounds

• Nine single substitution cysteine mutants of staphylococcal nuclease (nuclease) were preferentially crosslinked at the introduced cysteine residues using three different bifunctional crosslinking reagents; 1,6-bismaleimidohexane (BMH), 1,3-dibromo-2-propanol (DBP), and the chemical warfare agent, mustard gas (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; mustard) [23].
• Sulfur mustard (HD) (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide) is a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic and suspected carcinogenic properties, but occupational health standards have not been established [24].
• Comprehensive data are not available to evaluate the potential risk to reproduction from exposure to sulfur mustard (HD), [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide]; thus, the reproductive effects of HD were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats [25].
• Many studies report the morphological and biochemical modifications induced by sulfur mustard (SM) but no report has been published concerning the toxic effects of HN2 on the ultrastructural and functional activity of surface respiratory epithelial cells [26].
• 1. Sulphur mustard (HD) is a potent chemical warfare agent which causes incapacitating blisters on human skin [27].

Gene context of Yperite

• Sulfur mustard induces the formation of keratin aggregates in human epidermal keratinocytes [28].
• Regulation of 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 induced by sulfur mustard (HD) on human skin cells [29].
• [J. Appl. Toxicol. 23, 177 (2003)] indicate existence of inflammatory and cholinergic pathways in both nerve agents and sulfur mustard (HD) injury [30].
• The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human sulfur mustard (HD) toxicology [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Yperite

• A block of yperite fished up from the Baltic Sea was analysed by gas chromatography coupled with atomic emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry [32].
• Animal models are employed to investigate mechanisms of injury and to evaluate protective measures against sulfur mustard (HD) exposure [33].
• Sulfur mustard injuries can take several months to heal, necessitate lengthy hospitalizations, and result in significant cosmetic and/or functional deficits [34].

References