Disease relevance of Ekalux

• Quinalphos at 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to mice [1].
• Role of cytochrome P-450 in quinalphos toxicity: effect on hepatic and brain antioxidant enzymes in rats [2].
• 2. A significant increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed when cells were treated with quinalphos for 48 and 72 h and a significant increase in SCEs was observed at all the concentrations and over all the time periods [3].
• The phototoxicity of quinalphos (QP) under sunlight was studied by investigating skin sensitization, mouse tail and ear swelling tests and generation of activated oxygen species (AOS) [4].
• Incidence of numerous human poisonings by quinalphos (Ekalux, Bayrusil) in agricultural areas near Belgrade initiated this study on the ability of the compound to inhibit hen brain neuropathy target esterase, acetylcholinesterase and plasma butyrylcholinesterase in vivo [5].

High impact information on Ekalux

• Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2 pyridyl phosphorothioate) 20 EC and Quinalphos (O,O-diethyl O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphorothioate) 25 EC, were applied in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) field as seed treatment at 25ml/kg and soil treatment at 4l/ha in 1998 and 1999 [6].
• Total bacterial and fungal population after chlorpyrifos and quinalphos treatments in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) soil [7].
• Testicular and spermatotoxic effects were investigated in rats exposed to technical-grade quinalphos (70%) at dose levels of 0.52 mg kg(-1) (1/50th ld(50)) or 1.04 mg kg(-1) body weight (1/25th ld(50)) for 5 days a week for 60 days [8].
• In the present set of investigations, the tumorigenic potential of Quinalphos has been evaluated following topical exposure in Swiss albino mice [9].
• Quinalphos [O,O-diethyl-O-quinoxalinyl-phosphorothidate] is an organophosphorus pesticide with tremendous utility in mixed pest control due to its insecticidal and acaricidal properties [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Ekalux

• 1. Four different concentrations of quinalphos and methyl parathion were tested on human peripheral lymphocytes over different time periods, for the analysis of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) [3].
• Interactions of monocrotophos and quinalphos with Anabaena torulosa isolated from rice soil [10].

Biological context of Ekalux

• 4. A single dose reduced to 1/100th of LD50 also increased BUI in 10-day-old rat pups following QP (20%) and CM (28%) exposure at 2 h [11].
• Assessment of the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of quinalphos in pregnant rats [12].
• Cytogenetic effects of quinalphos in mice [1].
• Technical quinalphos (0.5, 1.5, 2, 3 or 4.5 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to pregnant rats from day 6-15 of gestation [12].
• The present study indicates that quinalphos caused damage and degeneration of the testicular tissues due to free-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation at low doses [13].

Anatomical context of Ekalux

• Administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin for 26 days in rats injected with quinalphos partially prevented the degeneration of germ cells and increased testosterone production [14].
• Histopathological changes induced by quinalphos in the testes and liver of Indian dessert gerbils, Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon) [15].
• The cytogenetic effect of quinalphos was studied in Swiss albino mice using the micronucleus test, bone marrow and germ cell chromosome assays and sperm morphology assay [1].
• Quinalphos was slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, as indicated by the severity of the cholinergic symptoms and the inhibition of neuropathy target esterase, which reached its maximum 72 and 96 h after poisoning [5].
• A significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in fetal brain and placenta indicated possible transmigration of quinalphos from dams to fetuses [16].

Associations of Ekalux with other chemical compounds

• Hens were treated with a single oral dose ranging from 25 to 600 mg kg-1 quinalphos (LD50 = 72 mg kg-1) or 500 mg kg-1 triorthocresyl phosphate (positive control), sacrificed 24-96 h later for enzyme assays and monitored for 25 days for evaluation of walking impairments [5].
• Practical implications for pest control resulting from the observed patterns of cross-resistance between quinalphos, monocrotophos and methomyl are discussed [17].
• Acari was least affected by gamma-BHC and maximally affected (72%) in response to quinalphos [18].

Gene context of Ekalux

• Quinalphos elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase by 30%, (although the increase from 0.24 to 0.31 was physiologically not significant) and catalase by 50% at PND 21, which up on withdrawal of the exposure at PND 22 recovered partially or completely at PND 45 [19].
• Treatment of quinalphos for 13 days failed to produce any effect on the relative weights of the testes and accessory sex glands [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ekalux

• Effect of repeated oral administration of quinalphos on blood esterases in Bubalus bubalis [21].
• Long-term animal bioassays conducted for the evaluation of complete carcinogenic, tumour-initiating and tumour-promoting potential of Quinalphos revealed that it has only tumour-initiating potential at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.), in the two-stage mouse skin model of carcinogenesis [9].
• Single intraperitoneal injection of quinalphos (15 mg/kg body weight) produced several pathological changes in the testes and liver of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurriane (Jerdon) [15].
• Biochemical estimation of prostatic acid phosphatase and fructose content in accessory sex glands, along with radioimmunoassay of plasma gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) and testosterone were performed in Wistar rats following treatment with quinalphos, an organophosphorus insecticide, for 13 and 26 days [22].

References