Disease relevance of Esidrex

• We conclude that hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of essential hypertension has adverse effects on glucose and lipid metabolism [1].
• Captopril increased the insulin-mediated disposal of glucose, as compared with placebo, from 5.7 +/- 2.4 to 6.3 +/- 2.5 mg per kilogram of body weight per minute (P less than 0.05), whereas hydrochlorothiazide caused a decrease from 6.4 +/- 2.0 to 5.7 +/- 1.9 (P less than 0.01) [1].
• CONCLUSIONS--In the majority of hypertensive patients, treatment with 50 mg/d of hydrochlorothiazide does not cause marked hypokalemia or ventricular arrhythmias [2].
• Serum magnesium and intracellular potassium and magnesium levels were not reduced by hydrochlorothiazide, nor were they related to ventricular arrhythmias [2].
• Hyponatremia induced by a combination of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide [3].

Psychiatry related information on Esidrex

• In conclusion, zofenopril/HCTZ 30/12.5 mg/day provides more optimal BP control in a larger proportion of patients than would be achievable with monotherapy, while maintaining the tolerability profile observed with each individual agent, and thereby potentially enhancing patient compliance [4].
• There were more withdrawals mainly due to side effects and non-compliance in the captopril plus HCTZ group as compared to the perceived best therapy group [5].
• Influence of hydrochlorothiazide on the pain threshold and on the antinociceptive activity of morphine, in rats [6].
• Compared with placebo, hydrochlorothiazide was associated with fewer incorrect responses in a test of complex reaction time and with greater discriminant reaction time response rates; otherwise, no difference between groups was noted in cognitive or motor performance [7].
• A 46-year-old Caucasian male USAF aviator with a 6-year history of mild essential hypertension (medical waiver for flight duty) under unsuccessful treatment with hydrochlorothiazide, dietary modification, and exercise, was subsequently trained in yoga relaxation [8].

High impact information on Esidrex

• After a four-week washout period when they received placebo, 379 men with mild-to-moderately-severe hypertension were randomly assigned to receive captopril (25 to 50 mg twice daily, with or without hydrochlorothiazide) or enalapril (5 to 20 mg per day, with or without hydrochlorothiazide) for 24 weeks [9].
• Hydrochlorothiazide was added if needed to control blood pressure [10].
• At 6 months, mean DBP decreased by 13.0 mm Hg in both groups, and mean SBP decreased by 19.5 mm Hg in hydrochlorothiazide and 16.0 mm Hg in isradipine (P=.002); the difference in SBP between the 2 groups persisted throughout the study but did not explain the increased incidence of vascular events in patients treated with isradipine [11].
• Cross-reactions among furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and sulfonamides [12].
• After administration of hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg/day, for one month in 20 patients, 18 had a significant fall in BP, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Esidrex

• Therefore, in 50 patients with essential hypertension, we performed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study comparing the effects of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of captopril (mean [+/- SD] dose, 81 +/- 24 mg per day) and hydrochlorothiazide (40 +/- 12 mg per day) over two four-month treatment periods [1].
• Furosemide compared with hydrochlorothiazide. Long-term treatment of hypertension [14].
• Captopril versus hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene in mild-to-moderate hypertension in the elderly [15].
• Letter: Timolol, hydrochlorothiazide, blood-pressure, and renin in essential hypertension [16].
• Effect of timolol plus hydrochlorothiazide plus hydralazine on essential hypertension [17].

Biological context of Esidrex

• Fourth, experiments addressing the time-dependent effect of a single dose of HCTZ showed that the development of hypocalciuria parallels a compensatory increase in Na+ reabsorption secondary to an initial natriuresis [18].
• Hypomagnesemia developed during chronic HCTZ administration and in NCC-knockout mice, an animal model of Gitelman syndrome, accompanied by downregulation of the epithelial Mg2+ channel transient receptor potential channel subfamily M, member 6 (Trpm6) [18].
• Methaemoglobinaemia after inhalation of nitric oxide for treatment of hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary oedema [19].
• CONCLUSIONS: In healthy older adults, low-dose hydrochlorothiazide preserves bone mineral density at the hip and spine [20].
• The experiments presented here support the hypothesis of a direct involvement of the intestinal cells in the interaction between HCTZ and NaCl, as well as calcium homeostasis [21].

Anatomical context of Esidrex

• The somewhat greater antihypertensive effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide may be related to its longer action permitting a more continuous diuretic effect and, hence, maintenance of reduced extracellular fluid volume throughout the 24-hour period [14].
• Two control studies in which hypokalemia was allowed to ensue after hydrochlorothiazide ingestion revealed a diminution in glucose tolerance, a consequence of diminished pancreatic beta-cell response to glucose [22].
• Because OC production is strictly dependent on the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 in human osteoblasts, we next evaluated the possible role of HCTZ on vitamin D3 receptors (VDR) at the mRNA and protein levels [23].
• The cause of the decrease in glomerular filtration rate induced by enalapril plus hydrochlorothiazide in a minority of patients with renal artery stenosis appears to be quite complex [24].
• We therefore investigated the role of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on OC production by the human osteoblast-like cell line MG-63 [23].

Associations of Esidrex with other chemical compounds

• After a 24-week treatment period, all three groups had similar blood-pressure control, although fewer patients taking propranolol required hydrochlorothiazide [10].
• In a double-blind crossover study, the effectiveness of furosemide, 40 mg twice daily, was compared with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg twice daily, in hypertensive patients [14].
• At the largest doses used, 50% of patients achieved goal blood pressure while taking hydrochlorothiazide, 57% while taking diltiazem SR, and 75% while taking combination therapy [25].
• Twenty-eight patients completed a double-blind study of the antihypertensive effects of ticrynafen compared with those of hydrochlorothiazide [26].
• Effects of timolol and hydrochlorothiazide on blood-pressure and plasma renin activity. Double-blind factorial trial [27].
• Although pretreatment myocardial perfusion reserve did not differ between groups, myocardial perfusion reserve was significantly higher after eplerenone than after hydrochlorothiazide (median 1.57 vs. 1.30; P = 0.03) [28].

Gene context of Esidrex

• Second, HCTZ administration still induced hypocalciuria in transient receptor potential channel subfamily V, member 5-knockout (Trpv5-knockout) mice, in which active distal Ca2+ reabsorption is abolished due to inactivation of the epithelial Ca2+ channel Trpv5 [18].
• Thus, hOAT4 is the long-postulated, low-affinity apical urate anion exchanger that facilitates HCTZ-associated hyperuricemia [29].
• There were no differences in blood pressure (BP) levels between HSD11B2 genotypes, but in a subgroup of 91 patients that underwent diuretic therapy, CA repeat length was strongly associated with the BP response to hydrochlorothiazide [30].
• Hydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide normalized systolic blood pressure (BP) and abolished mRNA up-regulation of hypertrophic markers sk-alpha-actin and BNP and of preproAM, CLR, RAMP2, and RAMP3 but did not normalize cardiomyocyte width nor preproIMD or RAMP1 mRNA expression [31].
• Hydrochlorothiazide efficacy and polymorphisms in ACE, ADD1 and GNB3 in healthy, male volunteers [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Esidrex

• Ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide. A double-blind study of antihypertensive properties with an open crossover [26].
• Twelve patients with hypertension who did not become normotensive after treatment with hydrochlorothiazide alone were studied [33].
• First, micropuncture experiments in mice demonstrated increased reabsorption of Na+ and Ca2+ in the proximal tubule during chronic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) treatment, whereas Ca2+ reabsorption in distal convolution appeared unaffected [18].
• Efficacy of cilazapril compared with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Multicentre Study Group [34].
• The data from clinical trials clearly demonstrate that 6.25 mg or 12.5 mg HCTZ has an additive or synergistic effect on blood-pressure reduction when used in combination with most drugs [35].

References