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Chemical Compound Review

SureCN12772927     1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-4- piperidyl)pyridine

Synonyms: CTK3D4246, AC1L9D5S, 83133-32-8
 
 
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Disease relevance of Gramoxone

  • We have directly compared the abilities of three bipyridyl herbicides, diquat (DQ), paraquat (PQ) and benzyl viologen (BV), to generate superoxide anion radical (O2-.) in rat liver microsomes and H2O2 in hepatocytes and correlated this with their relative toxicities to a compromised isolated hepatocyte system [1].
  • Escherichia coli cells from strain fpr, deficient in the soxRS-induced ferredoxin (flavodoxin)-NADP(H) reductase (FPR), display abnormal sensitivity to the bactericidal effects of the superoxide-generating reagent methyl viologen (MV) [2].
  • Superinfection of PQ-injured lungs by PAO1 appears responsible for defects in intrapulmonary and systemic antibacterial defenses [3].
  • Primary lung fibroblasts were isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (HIPF), from normal human lung tissue (NH), from rats treated with 75% oxygen and paraquat (PA), and from normal adult rats (NR) [4].
  • Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by leukocytes lavaged from the lung was not impaired in any group compared with that in control animals, but intracellular killing was impaired in PAO1 and PAO1/PQ but not in PQ animals [3].
 

Psychiatry related information on Gramoxone

  • Among them MV was selected as a model mediator because of its wide linear response range and fast response time [5].
  • When offspring were evaluated in adulthood, there were no significant effects of prenatal MB or PQ exposure on locomotor activity [6].
 

High impact information on Gramoxone

  • In vivo (lung resistive and viscoelastic pressures and static elastance) and in vitro (tissue resistance, elastance, and hysteresivity) respiratory mechanics were analyzed 1 and 30 days after saline (control) or paraquat (P [10 and 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally]) injection in rats [7].
  • In the photochemical studies ketyl radicals have been produced by charge-transfer (CT) photoactivation of the electron donor-acceptor salts of methyl viologen (MV2+) with alpha-hydroxy-alpha-phenoxymethyl-aryl acetates [8].
  • Accumulation of a site-directed FPR mutant that uses NAD(H) instead of NADP(H) had no effect on soxRS induction and failed to protect fpr cells from MV toxicity, suggesting that FPR contributes to NADP(H) homeostasis in stressed bacteria [2].
  • This intrinsic short half-life, which is of obvious benefit for a rapid down-regulation after transcription ceases, was unaffected by the addition of PQ [9].
  • However, only the viability of the sodM sodA mutant was reduced when MV was added during the late exponential and stationary phases of growth [10].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Gramoxone

  • An active recombinant SmFNR was expressed in Escherichia coli that made the bacteria tolerant to oxygen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and the superoxide-generating herbicide, methyl viologen (MV) [11].
 

Biological context of Gramoxone

  • At least five mutants containing the soi::lacZ fusion were more sensitive to MV and menadione than the wild-type strain, suggesting that the products of these soi genes play an important role in protection against oxidative stress [12].
  • The induction of these fusions by MV was not dependent on the peroxide stress control mediated by the oxyR gene or on the recA-dependent SOS system [12].
  • It was shown that H2O2 but not PQ strongly induced up-regulation of the kat gene [13].
  • It is concluded that the negative peak reflects the oxygen consumption supported by stromal reductants, their pool being rapidly exhausted under light in the presence of MV [14].
  • The data indicate that the induction of MT synthesis by PQ is not correlated with enhancement of lipid peroxidation [15].
 

Anatomical context of Gramoxone

  • Human gingival fibroblasts (Gin-1) were used as the target cell in vitro; PQ and EDU, an inducer of SOD and CAT activities in plants, were evaluated as antioxidant enzyme inducers [16].
  • At one week post-infection, the B. abortus S19 htrA mutant colonized the spleens of experimentally infected BALB/c mice at significantly lower levels (P < 0.01) than the parental strain [17].
  • For the histopathological changes in SAM-P/8 liver, yukmi extracts inhibited PQ-induced damage to the hepatic mitochondria and their membranes [18].
  • These results indicate that PQ and H(2)O(2) impair insulin action effectively and are suitable for examining crosstalk between oxidative stress and insulin signaling in liver-cell culture systems [19].
  • Mean lung counts of PAO1 at death were 7.6 X 10(4) colony forming units/g in PAO1 and 2.8 X 10(7) in PAO1/PQ animals (p less than 0.05) [3].
 

Associations of Gramoxone with other chemical compounds

  • Ampicillin-resistant colonies were screened for increased expression of beta-galactosidase on X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside) plates containing MV at 1.25 micrograms/ml [12].
  • Treatment of rats with vitamin E (400 mg/kg, s.c.) on 4 successive days before injection of PQ prevented only the enhancement of lipid peroxidation [15].
  • In addition, we observed that the expression levels of recombinant protein increased when plants were placed in the dark or when leaves were incubated in the presence of electron transport inhibitors, such as methyl viologen (MV) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) [20].
  • NAD(P)H cytochrome c reductase activity and content of P450 decreased considerably in 5 and 10 ppm PQ-treated mussels [21].
  • Thus, the treatment with DCP and PQ in water changed the properties of the mussels digestive gland cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system [21].
 

Gene context of Gramoxone

  • In the presence of PQ, GSH-PX activity decreased (p less than 0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating inactivation of this enzyme [16].
  • Viability of the sodA and sodM sodA mutants but not the sodM mutant was drastically reduced under oxidative stress conditions generated by methyl viologen (MV) added during the early exponential phase of growth [10].
  • Neither bacteriostatic effects nor inactivation of oxidant-sensitive hydrolyases could be detected in fpr cells exposed to MV [2].
  • The data suggest that the increase in MT-I concentrations in PQ-treated rats is not caused by reduction in food intake [15].
  • Various pesticides, especially phenthoate (PAP), chlornitrofen (CNP) and paraquat (PQ), increased histamine release [22].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gramoxone

  • After treatment with paraquat (PQ), a widely used herbicide and O(2)(-).-generating compound, muscle disability significantly deteriorated in Tg-CuZnSOD mice but not in control mice [23].
  • Data show that the activities of hepatic SODs and catalase were increased by oral administration of yukmi extracts following PQ pretreatment [18].

References

  1. Role of redox cycling and lipid peroxidation in bipyridyl herbicide cytotoxicity. Studies with a compromised isolated hepatocyte model system. Sandy, M.S., Moldeus, P., Ross, D., Smith, M.T. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1986) [Pubmed]
  2. The flavoenzyme ferredoxin (flavodoxin)-NADP(H) reductase modulates NADP(H) homeostasis during the soxRS response of Escherichia coli. Krapp, A.R., Rodriguez, R.E., Poli, H.O., Paladini, D.H., Palatnik, J.F., Carrillo, N. J. Bacteriol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  3. Bacterial infection and acute lung injury in hamsters. Seidenfeld, J.J., Mullins, R.C., Fowler, S.R., Johanson, W.G. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1986) [Pubmed]
  4. Fibroblasts isolated after fibrotic lung injury induce apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. Uhal, B.D., Joshi, I., True, A.L., Mundle, S., Raza, A., Pardo, A., Selman, M. Am. J. Physiol. (1995) [Pubmed]
  5. Amperometric dimethyl sulfoxide sensor using dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Abo, M., Ogasawara, Y., Tanaka, Y., Okubo, A., Yamazaki, S. Biosensors & bioelectronics. (2003) [Pubmed]
  6. A fetal risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Barlow, B.K., Richfield, E.K., Cory-Slechta, D.A., Thiruchelvam, M. Dev. Neurosci. (2004) [Pubmed]
  7. Effect of corticosteroid on lung parenchyma remodeling at an early phase of acute lung injury. Rocco, P.R., Souza, A.B., Faffe, D.S., Pássaro, C.P., Santos, F.B., Negri, E.M., Lima, J.G., Contador, R.S., Capelozzi, V.L., Zin, W.A. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2003) [Pubmed]
  8. Generation and reactivity of ketyl radicals with lignin related structures. On the importance of the ketyl pathway in the photoyellowing of lignin containing pulps and papers. Fabbri, C., Bietti, M., Lanzalunga, O. J. Org. Chem. (2005) [Pubmed]
  9. SoxRS down-regulation of rob transcription. Michán, C., Manchado, M., Pueyo, C. J. Bacteriol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  10. Identification and characterization of a second superoxide dismutase gene (sodM) from Staphylococcus aureus. Valderas, M.W., Hart, M.E. J. Bacteriol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  11. Schistosoma mansoni ferredoxin NADP(H) oxidoreductase and its role in detoxification. Girardini, J.E., Dissous, C., Serra, E. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  12. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli strains containing new gene fusions (soi::lacZ) inducible by superoxide radicals. Mito, S., Zhang, Q.M., Yonei, S. J. Bacteriol. (1993) [Pubmed]
  13. The catalase and superoxide dismutase genes are transcriptionally up-regulated upon oxidative stress in the strictly anaerobic archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri. Brioukhanov, A.L., Netrusov, A.I., Eggen, R.I. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) (2006) [Pubmed]
  14. Nonphotosynthetic reduction of the intersystem electron transport chain of chloroplasts following heat stress. The pool size of stromal reductants. Bukhov, N.G., Samson, G., Carpentier, R. Photochem. Photobiol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  15. Enhanced lipid peroxidation is not necessary for induction of metallothionein-I by oxidative stress. Sato, M., Sasaki, M. Chem. Biol. Interact. (1991) [Pubmed]
  16. Induction of antioxidant enzyme activities by a phenylurea derivative, EDU. Stevens, T.M., Boswell, G.A., Adler, R., Ackerman, N.R., Kerr, J.S. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (1988) [Pubmed]
  17. In vitro and in vivo phenotypes resulting from deletion of the high temperature requirement A (htrA) gene from the bovine vaccine strain Brucella abortus S19. Robertson, G.T., Elzer, P.H., Roop, R.M. Vet. Microbiol. (1996) [Pubmed]
  18. Effects of yukmi, an herbal formula, on the liver of senescence accelerated mice (SAM) exposed to oxidative stress. Kim, J.S., Na, C.S., Pak, S.C., Kim, Y.G. Am. J. Chin. Med. (2000) [Pubmed]
  19. Effect of various radical generators on insulin-dependent regulation of hepatic gene expression. Kimura, K., Tawara, S., Igarashi, K., Takenaka, A. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. (2007) [Pubmed]
  20. Accumulation of hEGF and hEGF-fusion proteins in chloroplast-transformed tobacco plants is higher in the dark than in the light. Wirth, S., Segretin, M.E., Mentaberry, A., Bravo-Almonacid, F. J. Biotechnol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  21. Comparative study of the xenobiotic metabolising system in the digestive gland of the bivalve molluscs in different aquatic ecosystems and in aquaria experiments. Petushok, N., Gabryelak, T., Pałecz, D., Zavodnik, L., Szollosi Varga, I., Deér, K.A. Aquat. Toxicol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  22. Augmentation of allergic reactions by several pesticides. Sato, T., Taguchi, M., Nagase, H., Kito, H., Niikawa, M. Toxicology (1998) [Pubmed]
  23. Oxidative stress mediates impairment of muscle function in transgenic mice with elevated level of wild-type Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Peled-Kamar, M., Lotem, J., Wirguin, I., Weiner, L., Hermalin, A., Groner, Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1997) [Pubmed]
 
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