Disease relevance of AndroGel

• Together, the above findings and the fact that T, but not Adiol, can induce transcriptional activity in a mutant AR (mtAR708), suggest that, without being metabolized into T, Adiol itself may represent a natural hormone with androgenic activity in human prostate cancer cells [1].
• Patients with IHH were treated with hCG/human menopausal gonadotropin, whereas patients with primary hypogonadism received T treatment [2].
• The magnitude of the serum LH and T response to iv pulses of GnRH [50 ng/kg body weight (BW)] and naloxone (1 mg/kg BW) did not differ between control and treated animals during the nonbreeding or breeding season at 6 yr of age [3].
• Thus, single daily injection of GnRH-A and T failed to predictably induce azoospermia in normal men over the 16-week treatment period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)[4]
• Exogenous T therapy resulted in normal virilization, whereas therapy with hCG was ineffectual [5].

Psychiatry related information on AndroGel

• Chronic treatment with agonist analogs of GnRH results in reversible oligospermia in man, but leads to impotence and decreased libido due to a concomitant fall in serum testosterone (T) concentrations [4].
• However, when B was given in combination with T, not only were the positive effects of T eliminated, but there was a reduction in activity (31%) and home-range size (72%) similar to that reported in lizards that received B implants alone [6].
• The effect of social interaction on B and T levels was also examined by presenting territory-holding males with a size-matched male intruder [7].
• These results indicate that betaE2 and TES ameliorate the amnesia induced by inhibition of (Na(+), K(+))-ATPase activity, and that the protective effect of betaE2 is caused by a non-genomic, rather than a genomic effect or a radical scavenging action [8].
• The Testim(R) Study of Testosterone Androgen Response Time (START) explored the time to response in sexual activity, desire, and mood following testosterone replacement therapy with Testim for 30 days in 638 hypogonadal men [9].

High impact information on AndroGel

• Moreover, as shown in many systems, castration levels of serum testosterone (T) at 0.2-0.4 ng/ml exert significant androgenic activity in target tissues [10].
• In this review we discuss evidence indicating the existence of specific binding receptor sites for progesterone (P), estrogen (E), and testosterone (T) in neural membranes [11].
• Second, we examine the physiological and biochemical data supporting the concept of cognate membrane receptors for P, E, and T, the so-called mPR, mER, and mTR [11].
• Androgen resubstitution after a 10-day period of T deprivation resulted in a rise in the tumor cell proliferation index to 20% within 4 days [12].
• Administration of supraphysiologic doses of T in intact male mice did not lead to an increase in the number of Ki-67-stained nuclei [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of AndroGel

• However, little is known about the effects of gonadotropin and testosterone (T) treatment on early morning plasma MT levels in male hypogonadism [2].
• In the current studies, indices of somatic growth [body weight, crown-rump length (CRL), and testis size (testicular volume index)] and circulating concentrations of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), cortisol, and Sm-C were determined (n = 208) in 86 male and female chimpanzees during a 1-yr period [13].
• In the patient with virilism, the tumor's major secretory product was testosterone (T), and the dominant biosynthetic pathway was pregnenolone (Pe) leads to 17-hydroxypregnenolone leads to 17-hydroxyprogesterone leads to androstenedione (delta) leads to T [14].
• The increase of the conversion of T to DHT in prostate gland, has been related to some illnesses such as benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer [15].
• Mature male LBNF1 rats were subcutaneously implanted with cholesterol (C)-, testosterone (T)-, and/or estradiol-17 beta (E)-containing capsules, and 5-10 weeks later given one or four weekly intraperitoneal injections of PCZ at a dose of 200-250 mg/kg of body weight [16].

Biological context of AndroGel

• VT, presumably, does not simply represent one step in the biochemical cascade of events that is induced by T in the brain and leads to the expression of male sexual behavior [17].
• Thus, this regimen, employing constant infusion of 400 micrograms GnRH agonist daily plus T led to a greater suppression of spermatogenesis than the previous regimen employing single daily injections of 200 micrograms of the same agonist plus T [18].
• Long-term testosterone gel (AndroGel) treatment maintains beneficial effects on sexual function and mood, lean and fat mass, and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men [19].
• T levels and the degree of frailty were not different in the wild-type LH group compared with the heterozygote LH variant group [20].
• Both E and T show a significant drop immediately after ovulation; P4 does not [21].

Anatomical context of AndroGel

• MATERIALS AND METHODS: In an age-stratified population sample of 314 men (age, 22-91 years), we assessed volumetric BMD (vBMD) and bone geometry by QCT at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, distal radius, and distal tibia and related these to circulating bio E(2) and bio testosterone (T) levels [22].
• Pulsatile LH stimulation of the testes does not appear necessary to maintain T secretion [23].
• Prior hCG/human menopausal gonadotropin therapy had resulted in high normal serum T levels and near-normal semen quality, but during subsequent hCG therapy, spermatogenesis markedly decreased [24].
• Experimental data suggest that FSH-stimulated Sertoli cells can enhance LH-induced Leydig cell testosterone (T) production [25].
• The ratios of the 5 alpha-saturated metabolites (DHT plus Adiol) to T or to T + Adion, respectively, parallel total androgen concentrations, whereas the Adiol to DHT ratio, a parameter of 3 alpha-reductase activity, was highest in striated muscle and thigh skin and lowest in androgen target tissues (labia majora and clitoris) [26].

Associations of AndroGel with other chemical compounds

• Castration markedly decreases the immunoreactivity in both the VT-immunopositive elements of the BSTm and the innervation of the SL and POM, whereas T-replacement therapy restores the VT immunoreactivity to a level typical of intact birds [17].
• Castration reduces prostate size and causes intraprostatic testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to fall to very low levels [27].
• Reflecting their intact gonadal status, vBMD/structural parameters were not related to sex steroid levels in young men, whereas bio E(2) levels were associated consistently with vBMD and variably with bone geometric parameters in the elderly men; middle-aged men showed associations with bio E(2) and bio T at some sites [22].
• The dissociation of E2 from T responses to nafarelin during puberty suggests that aromatase activity does not fully mature in males until puberty is complete [28].
• At baseline, PCOS women had higher T, free T, androstenedione, and estrone [29].

Gene context of AndroGel

• Alterations in immunostaining patterns for TGFalpha and EGFR were exclusively detected in the dysplastic lesions in the DLPs of T + E2-treated rats [30].
• This dose of T, however, had little effect on LH in mice with a blank pellet in the AH [31].
• Melatonin in the AH markedly increased the content of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (P less than 0.05) in mice treated with T; however, there was little effect of melatonin and/or T in any other region examined [31].
• T and delta 4A levels returned to normal with elevation to normal of SHBG [32].
• At 0 hour, compared with baseline, significant increases were observed in the plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), cortisol (F), free T index (T/SHBG), and prolactin (PRL) [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of AndroGel

• Mean serum T and E(2) levels were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in the obese men than in the control group [serum T, 13.5 +/- 2.4 vs. 19.4 +/- 1.4 nmol/L (mean +/- SEM; P: = 0.01); serum E(2), 0.184 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.153 +/- 0.01 nmol/L (P: < 0.05)] [34].
• Plasma FSH, LH, PRL, T, and estradiol levels were also determined before and 3 months after treatment [2].
• A regimen of two Testoderm TTS testosterone patches (Alza Corp., Mountain View, CA) daily can maintain serum concentrations of total and free testosterone and its metabolites dihydrotestosterone and estradiol in the midnormal range in healthy hypogonadal men and men on hemodialysis [35].
• We conclude that continued application of AndroGel resulted in beneficial effects similar to those with injectables and other transdermal preparations [19].
• Determination of AF levels of T would appear to be a valuable screening test for antenatal diagnosis of sex (predictive error, less than or equal to 15%), but not in the presence of steroidogenic enzyme defects [36].

References