Disease relevance of GT1b Ganglioside

• A 50% inhibition of neurite outgrowth of N18 neuroblasts induced by the glioma cell proteins was observed at the following approximate concentration: 100 microM (0.2 mg/ml) GD1A ganglioside, 20 microM (0.04 mg/ml) GT1B ganglioside, and 5 mg/ml colominic acid [1].
• Ganglioside GT1b was found to support BoNT/A activity significantly more effectively than GD1a, which was far more effective than GM1 when added to ganglioside-deficient murine cholinergic Neuro 2a or to human adrenergic SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells [2].
• Binding of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins to ganglioside GT1b and derivatives thereof [3].
• Ganglioside GT1b significantly prevented attachment of keratinocytes to fibronectin and also detached previously adherent keratinocytes in a concentration-dependent manner without cell toxicity [4].
• This translocation can be entirely reversed without losses in activity by a single intraperitoneal injection into the gravid rat of either a mixture of disialo- and trisialoganglioside [polysialoganglioside (PSG)] or by GM1 (50 mg/kg of body weight) given 3 h before onset of the ischemic episode [5].

Psychiatry related information on GT1b Ganglioside

• Alzheimer's disease: NMR studies of asialo (GM1) and trisialo (GT1b) ganglioside interactions with Abeta(1-40) peptide in a membrane mimic environment [6].

High impact information on GT1b Ganglioside

• Ganglioside GT1b, which is one of the binding partners of MAG, specifically associates with p75(NTR) [7].
• The adhesion on sialidase was inhibited by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid and by polysialoganglioside (GT1b) at low concentration (0.05-0.1 mM) [8].
• These studies demonstrate that epithelial cell ganglioside GT1b modulates cell spreading through alpha(5)beta(1)/FAK and phosphoinositol 3-kinase signaling, whereas GD3-modulated spreading appears to involve phosphoinositol 3-kinase-dependent protein kinase C signaling [9].
• Ganglioside GT1b inhibits keratinocyte attachment to and migration on a fibronectin matrix by binding to alpha(5)beta(1) and preventing alpha(5)beta(1) interaction with fibronectin [10].
• Myelin-associated glycoprotein interacts with ganglioside GT1b. A mechanism for neurite outgrowth inhibition [11].

Biological context of GT1b Ganglioside

• A binding protein specific for major neuronal gangliosides was detected on rat brain membranes using a synthetic ganglioside-protein conjugate, 125I-(GT1b)4BSA (bovine serum albumin derivatized with 4 mol of ganglioside GT1b/mol of protein), as a radioligand [12].
• We recently showed that trisialoganglioside (GT1b) induces cell death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures (Chung et al., Neuroreport 12:611-614, 2001) [13].
• GT1b ganglioside prevents tetanus toxin-induced protein kinase C activation and down-regulation in the neonatal brain in vivo [14].
• In this work, the kinetics of the binding of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) to ganglioside GT1b were studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [15].
• T cell receptor-dependent activation of human lymphocytes through cell surface ganglioside GT1b: implications for innate immunity [16].

Anatomical context of GT1b Ganglioside

• Films of either a mixture of gangliosides or pure ganglioside GT1b induced formation of matrices of morpho-functional features similar to the matrices deposited by embryonic astrocytes [17].
• In cells from freshly hatched larvae, both cell bodies and nerve fibers strongly exhibit the polysialoganglioside epitope on their surface [18].
• Trisialoganglioside GT1b induces in vivo degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons: role of microglia [13].
• In the present work we have tested the effect of the trisialoganglioside GT1b and the monosialoganglioside GM1 on the RR-induced neuronal damage in primary cortical cultures, as well as on the binding of RR to synaptosomes [19].
• Ganglioside GT1b and, to a lesser extent, GD3, enhanced phosphorylation of a 36 kDa protein (the substrate of protein kinase C) in the particulate fraction from bovine mammary gland [20].

Associations of GT1b Ganglioside with other chemical compounds

• Pretreatment of neurons with the ganglioside GT1b (trisialosylgangliotetraglycosylceramide), followed by removal of free GT1b from the incubation medium, prevented PKC translocation, the sustained increase of 45Ca2+ uptake in the post-glutamate period, and the delayed neuronal death [21].
• No binding to sphingomyelin, cerebroside, lactosyl ceramide, ceramide trihexoside, monosialogangliosides GM1 and GM2, disialogangliosides (GD1a, GD1b, and GD3), trisialoganglioside (GT1b), cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate, palmitic acid, tripalmitin, or cholesteryl palmitate was detected [22].
• The effects of ganglioside GT1b or melatonin on damage to brain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and seizures induced by kainic acid were investigated both in vivo and in vitro [23].
• Enhancement by ganglioside GT1b of annexin I phosphorylation in bovine mammary gland in the presence of phosphatidylserine and Ca2+ [20].
• Thus the accumulation of the ganglioside GD1a was most affected in the forebrain, of ganglioside GD1b in the brain stem, and of ganglioside GT1 in the cerebellum [24].

Gene context of GT1b Ganglioside

• We have previously reported that the polysialoganglioside GT1b suppresses the induction of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by interferon-gamma in astrocytes [25].
• In addition, GT1b ganglioside could also decrease strongly the expression of the T cell antigens CD3, CD2, CD4, CD8 and the alpha/beta T cell receptor antigenic complex whereas it did not affect HLA-class I antigens [26].
• Consistently, blockade of ganglioside GT1b function activates integrin-linked kinase and only the serine-473 site of protein kinase B/Akt [27].
• Polysialoganglioside GT1b, a keratinocyte membrane glycosphingolipid, inhibits normal keratinocyte adhesion and migration on a fibronectin matrix [28].
• These studies reveal that asialoGM1 binds specifically with Abeta in a manner which could prevent beta-sheet formation. but that ganglioside GT1b does not bind Abeta [6].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GT1b Ganglioside

• One O-acetylated polysialoganglioside that seems specific of the earlier embryonic stage and up to 21 alkali-stable components could be recognized by high-resolution two-dimensional TLC procedures and quantified by computer-assisted two-dimensional TLC densitometry [29].
• In chicken, thin layer chromatography (TLC) immunostaining confirms the presence of the Q 211 antigen in at least 3 different polysialoganglioside fractions [30].

References