Disease relevance of PAX6

• The ganglion cell layer labeled for Isl1, Pax6 and Isl2 [1].

High impact information on PAX6

• In response to acute damage, numerous Müller glia re-entered the cell cycle, and shortly thereafter, expressed CASH-1, Pax6 and Chx10, transcription factors expressed by embryonic retinal progenitors [2].
• DC5 contains PAX6 and SOX2 binding sites, and its activity depends on the cooperative binding of these two transcription factors [3].
• Newly induced oligodendrocytes expressed Nkx2.2 but not Pax6, correlating with the in vivo observation [4].
• In addition to activating expression of RPE-specific genes, the extraocular mesenchyme inhibits the expression of the neural retina-specific transcription factor Chx10 and downregulates the eye-specific transcription factors Pax6 and Optx2 [5].
• Activation of Pax6 depends on somitogenesis in the chick embryo cervical spinal cord [6].

Biological context of PAX6

• The territory lacking amacrine cells showed downregulation of transcription factors necessary for amacrine cell differentiation, such as Pax6 and AP2alpha, accompanied by ectopic expression of transcription factors associated with the development of horizontal or bipolar neurons, such as Prox1, Chx10 and NeuroM [7].
• Furthermore, we show that ectopic Mitf expression is able to protect the RPE from FGF2 induced transdifferentiation by inhibiting Pax6 upregulation [8].
• We observed that during the induction of transdifferentiation, downregulation of Mitf was not sufficient to induce transdifferentiation at E4 and that FGF2 was required to drive Pax6 protein expression and cell proliferation, both of which are necessary for transdifferentiation [8].
• The expression of CTCF and Pax6 was determined in embryo sections by immunochemistry [9].
• Further study in CTCF transgenic mouse embryos verified that overexpression of CTCF suppressed Pax6 gene expression in the retina [9].

Anatomical context of PAX6

• In photoreceptors, the myoid portion of the inner segment showed PAX6 immunostaining, but the ellipsoid portion and the outer segment did not [10].
• The most intense PAX6 immunostaining was found in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers, and in lower amounts in the optic nerve fiber, the inner plexiform and the photoreceptor layers [10].
• PAX6 immunostaining was mainly localized in nuclear heterochromatin of the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers whereas in the outer nuclear layer, PAX6 immunostaining was only observed in the intercellular space and the cytoplasm [10].
• Retina regeneration in the chick embryo is not induced by spontaneous Mitf downregulation but requires FGF/FGFR/MEK/Erk dependent upregulation of Pax6 [8].
• PURPOSE: To elucidate the early cellular events that take place during induction of retina regeneration in the embryonic chick, focusing on the relationship between fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling and the regulation of Pax6 and Mitf [8].

Associations of PAX6 with chemical compounds

• We identified horizontal cells by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies to calretinin, trkA, GABA, Prox1, AP2alpha, Pax6, islet1, and Lim1 + 2 [11].
• This Pax6 expression is accompanied by an increase in BrdU incorporation [8].
• Pax6 Regulation in Retinal Cells by CCCTC Binding Factor [9].
• We found that the large glucagon-expressing neurons were immunoreactive for substance P, neurofilament, Pax6, AP2alpha, HuD, calretinin, trkB, and trkC [12].
• The expression pattern of the transcription factor gene Gbx2 in the forebrain of chicken embryos (embryonic day 14) was mapped using digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes and compared with the expression of the transcription factors Pax6 and Nkx2 [13].

Other interactions of PAX6

• In particular, PAX6 and PAX7 are expressed in restricted regions in the CNS during early stages [14].
• Retroviral constructs for paired box 6 (Pax6), MEK, and microphthalmia (Mitf) were also used in overexpression studies [8].
• Immunohistochemistry was used to examine pErk, Pax6, Mitf, and melanosomal matrix protein 115 (MMP115) immunoreactivity and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation at different time points after removing the retina [8].
• We found that primary cultures of chicken embryonic RGCs express such RP markers as transcription factors Pax6 and Brn3, photopigment melanopsin, and G-protein q but not markers for ciliary photoreceptors (alpha-transducin and Crx) [15].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PAX6

• Frozen sections were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibody to chick Pax6 (amino acids 1-223) [16].

References