Disease relevance of retinal

• Current concepts in ophthalmology. Retinal vascular diseases [1].
• The neural retinas from both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects were uniformly TUNEL-. Retinal microvessels of rats with short duration of experimental diabetes or galactosemia and absent or minimal morphological changes of retinopathy, showed TUNEL+ pericytes and endothelial cells, which were absent in control rats [2].
• BACKGROUND: Retinal microvascular abnormalities reflect damage from hypertension and other vascular processes [3].
• AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Retinal vascular leakage is an early pathological feature in diabetic retinopathy and can lead to macular oedema and loss of vision [4].
• METHODS: Retinal ischemia was induced for 60 minutes in anesthetized pigmented rats by temporary ligation of the optic sheath [5].

Psychiatry related information on retinal

• RESULTS: Retinal screening in patients with type 2 diabetes is an effective intervention; however, the risk reduction varies dramatically by age and level of glycemic control [6].
• BACKGROUND: Retinal sensitivity may play a role in the pathogenesis of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and response to light therapy [7].
• RESULTS: Retinal detachment occurred in three of 53 patients in the intravitreal therapy group, one of 20 patients receiving oral maintenance therapy and 21 of 113 patients receiving intravenous maintenance therapy [8].

High impact information on retinal

• Failure to Maintain Eye-Specific Segregation in nob, a Mutant with Abnormally Patterned Retinal Activity [9].
• To determine the subunit stoichiometry of CNG ion channels, we have coexpressed the 30 pS conductance bovine retinal channel (RET) with an 85 pS conductance chimeric retinal channel containing the catfish olfactory channel P region (RO133) [10].
• The activity is nondialyzable, stable at 56 degrees C, and inactivated at 100 degrees C. Retinal extracts stimulate the proliferation of corneal fibroblasts but have no effect on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells [11].
• Inhibition of Caspase-1/Interleukin-1{beta} Signaling Prevents Degeneration of Retinal Capillaries in Diabetes and Galactosemia [12].
• G-protein-coupled Receptor Rhodopsin Regulates the Phosphorylation of Retinal Insulin Receptor [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of retinal

• CONCLUSIONS: Retinal fluorescein angiography and retinal staining with HRP indicate that mechanisms of cerebral air embolism include nonperfusion, vascular leakage and spasm, red blood cell sludging, and hemorrhage [14].
• CONCLUSIONS: Retinal blood flow was found to be decreased in patients with IDDM with no diabetic retinopathy, and acute elevations in blood glucose levels resulted in increased retinal blood flow in these patients [15].
• CONCLUSIONS: Retinal ischemia increased vitreous concentrations of glutamate and glycine [16].
• Long-term Retinal Toxicity of Intravitreal Commercially Available Preserved Triamcinolone Acetonide (Kenalog) in Rabbit Eyes [17].
• PURPOSE: To assess the associations of plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and other carotenoids with the risk of age-related maculopathy (ARM) and cataract in the population-based Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l'Age (POLA) Study. METHODS: Retinal photographs were graded according to the international classification [18].

Biological context of retinal

• RESULTS: Retinal vascular permeability was significantly higher in diabetic rats (median, 1.09 arbitrary unit) compared with control rats (median, 0.69 arbitrary unit) (p < 0.05) [19].
• The EP enhancer binds efficiently, as revealed by southwestern experiments, to a 110 kDa protein present in neuroretina cells but not in Quail Embryos Cells and Retinal Pigmented Epithelium which do not express the P0-initiated mRNAs [20].
• RESULTS: Retinal ischemia led to reductions in thickness and cell number, principally in the inner retinal layers (39% to 80%) and to a lesser extent in the outer retinal layers (26% to 45%) [21].
• METHODS: Retinal ischemia was induced by increasing intraocular pressure to 130 mm Hg and maintaining that level for 45 minutes [22].
• PURPOSE: Retinal ganglion cells die by apoptosis during development and after trauma such as axonal damage and exposure to excitotoxins [23].

Anatomical context of retinal

• Glyoxalase I Is Critical for Human Retinal Capillary Pericyte Survival under Hyperglycemic Conditions [24].
• RESULTS: Retinal white blood cell flux ( p=0.0015) and ocular fundus pulsation amplitude ( p<0.001) increased during institution of strict metabolic control [25].
• Role of Peripherin/rds in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Architecture and Inherited Retinal Degenerations [26].
• The effects of each of these combinations were assayed on the six major cell types in the retina: Retinal ganglion cells (GCs), Amacrines (ACs), Bipolars (BCs), Horizontals (HCs), Photoreceptors (PRs), and Muller cells (MCs), creating 288 result categories [27].
• Functional Characterization and Molecular Cloning of the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger in Intact Retinal Cone Photoreceptors [28].

Associations of retinal with other chemical compounds

• METHODS: Retinal vascular permeability was evaluated in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin using vitreous fluorophotometry and a small animal adapter [19].
• METHODS: Retinal oxygenation response (DeltaPO(2)) was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and either carbogen or 100% oxygen inhalation challenge in C57BL/6J control (C) mice [29].
• CONCLUSIONS: Retinal zeaxanthin dose dependently reduced light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis; elevated serum levels did not [30].
• METHODS: Retinal and vitreal levels of both drugs were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography at 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after a single intravitreal injection of 196 microg and 800 microg of ganciclovir and 960 microg of foscarnet to three groups of 24 pigmented rabbits [31].
• METHODS: Retinal detachments were created in Brown Norway rats by injecting 10% hyaluronic acid into the subretinal space using a transvitreous approach [32].

Gene context of retinal

• RESULTS: Retinal ganglion cells in the nNOS(-/-) mouse were relatively resistant to gp120, manifesting attenuation of gp120-induced injury compared with wild-type mice [33].
• METHODS: Retinal morphometry was performed at the light microscopic level in caspase-3 mutant mice from PN0 through PN23, and in rd-1/caspase-3 double mutant mice at PN14, -16, and -18 [34].
• CONCLUSIONS: Retinal degeneration in the Rpe65(-/-) mice is slowly progressive [35].
• METHODS: Retinal development in wild-type, NT-4/5 knockout (KO), and NT-4/5:BDNF double-KO mice was histologically examined from postnatal day 0 (P0) to P90 [36].
• METHODS: Retinal vascular development was analyzed in 150 eNOS+/+ and eNOS-/- mice ranging from 1 day to 6 months old by using a combination of morphometric and biochemical approaches [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of retinal

• METHODS: Retinal photographs taken at diagnosis in patients participating in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, and thereafter at 3 yearly intervals, were assessed using a modified Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy grading system for lesions of diabetic retinopathy and end points of vitreous haemorrhage and photocoagulation [38].
• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Retinal blood flow was measured with bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry before and 60 and 120 min after a 50-g carbohydrate breakfast [39].
• CONCLUSIONS: Retinal carotenoids can be measured in epidemiologic studies [40].
• Relationship between Visual Field Sensitivity and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness as Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography [41].
• 3. Retinal and choroidal capillary perfusion fluid flow rates were measured using a diffusible flow marker ([14C]diazepam) and a particulate indicator (15 microns cerium141-labelled microspheres) [42].

References