Disease relevance of VIP

• In the present article, we examined the effects of PACAP and VIP on cAMP formation in C6 rat glioma cells used between passages 12-28 (early) and 120-136 (late) [1].
• The ganglion contained many VIP-, galanin- and neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactive neurons [2].
• The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the development of form deprivation myopia (FDM) was examined [3].
• Cumulative food intake was significantly decreased by ICV injection of PACAP (11 or 22 pmol/g body weight) or VIP (11 or 22 pmol/g) during a 60-min observation period after treatment [4].

High impact information on VIP

• Although GDNF displayed only low activity on survival of newborn rat SCG neurons, this protein was found to increase the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide and preprotachykinin-A mRNAs in cultured SCG neurons [5].
• We show here that a CNTF-like, VIP-inducing activity is present in rat footpads and that its increases 6-fold during the period of cholinergic sympathetic differentiation [6].
• Agonist occupancy of other hormone receptors coupled to adenylyl cyclase in hepatocytes, such as beta-adrenergic, prostaglandin E1, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, results in heterologous desensitization [7].
• Forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, mimics all the effects of VIP on these cells [8].
• Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulated macromolecule secretion at the apical membranes of the chick embryonic retinal pigment epithelium cultured on permeable supports in a time- and concentration-dependent manner [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of VIP

• Pancreatic ganglion cells were only immunoreactive with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin and substance P (SP) antisera [10].
• These observations suggest that VIP containing nerves in the chicken pancreas have an intrinsic origin, are probably derived from VIP immunoreactive, intrapancreatic ganglion cells and innervate secretory ducts, arteries, acinar cells and B-islets, and that VIP must coexist with acetylcholine in the nervous elements [11].

Biological context of VIP

• Three VIP cDNAs isolated from a chicken hypothalamic cDNA library were derived from the shorter mRNA [12].
• The neuropeptide VIP modulates the neurotransmitter phenotype of cultured chick sympathetic neurons [8].
• Herein we examined the effects of VIP and its potential mechanisms of action on apoptosis in antral follicles isolated from ovaries of gonadotropin-primed immature rats and incubated in vitro under serum-free conditions [13].
• Provision of the adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin (10 microM), mimicked the inhibitory effect of VIP on apoptosis and concomitantly increased intrafollicular cAMP accumulation, suggesting a role for the cAMP pathway in mediating the immediate actions of VIP on follicular cell survival [13].
• In addition, a VIP binding-site study was completed that focused on the lateral septal organ (LSO), a circumventricular organ of potential significance in avian species [14].

Anatomical context of VIP

• In support of this, stimulation of the turkey pituitary gland with VIP on ED24 resulted in a 4- and 3-fold increase in PRL and PRLR, respectively [15].
• In situ hybridisation with an oligonucleotide probe from the VIP cDNA sequence showed that VIP-encoding mRNA occurs in cells in the basal hypothalamus, an area of the brain known to contain VIP neurosecretory neurones [12].
• RT-PCR of total RNA from liver, kidney, gut, pancreas, pituitary, cerebellum, forebrain and hypothalamus, using primers derived from the VIP cDNA sequence, showed that the shorter form of VIP mRNA is present in all of these tissues [12].
• Trigeminal ganglia explanted with embryonic heart or trigeminal ganglia explanted alone lacked small VIP-IR cells but contained large VIP-negative neurons [16].
• However, both were present in sympathetic ganglia: SOM from embryonic Day 4.5 and VIP from embryonic Day 10 [17].

Associations of VIP with chemical compounds

• The shorter form of chicken VIP mRNA encodes a protein that does not contain an analogue of rat peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) 1-27 or human peptide histidine methionine 1-27 [12].
• In the presence of the PDE inhibitor IBMX (0.1 mM), PACAP (0.1 microM) and VIP (1 microM) strongly stimulated cAMP synthesis in C6 cells in early passages, but not in C6 cells in late passages [1].
• A 1.9- to 2.6-fold stimulation in secretion of molecules with MW greater than 10 kDa precipitable by 10% trichloroacetic acid was observed after treatment with 1 microM VIP for 15 min [9].
• The effect of 1 microM VIP was mimicked by 10 microM dibutyryl cyclic AMP and attenuated by dopamine (1 x 10(-4) M), while colchicine, beta-lumicolchicine, and monensin, all at 1 microM, had no effect [9].
• 2. Forskolin (10 microM) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP, 3 microM) increased cellular levels of cyclic AMP 8- and 3-fold, respectively, either in the absence or presence of electrical stimulation [18].

Physical interactions of VIP

• Here we confirm that the VIP binding sites of chicken liver membranes consisted mainly in bivalent VIP/PACAP receptors and that about 50% of the 125I-VIP binding capacity was not affected by the GTP analogue GppNHp [19].

Regulatory relationships of VIP

• Studies in vitro showed that synthetic VIP directly stimulated prolactin release from the anterior pituitary gland [20].

Other interactions of VIP

• The infusion of chicken secretin reduced the flow of juice in response to infusions of chicken VIP, but the differences were not significant [21].
• The cultured Müller cell may thus be a useful model for examining VIP and glucagon effects on glial elements of the CNS [22].
• Galanin-, VIP-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were inconspicuous during embryonic life [23].
• The developmental expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the neuropeptide VIP in chick sympathetic neurons: evidence for different regulatory events in cholinergic differentiation [24].
• In the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, the rank-order of both PACAP forms and VIP in evoking the cyclic AMP response was: PACAP38 approximately PACAP27>>VIP, suggesting the presence in the tested tissues of PAC1 receptors [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of VIP

• Northern blotting studies showed that the pituitary gland contains a single 860 base(s) mature PRL mRNA transcript irrespective of physiological state or VIP manipulation [26].
• The distribution of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was investigated by immunohistochemistry in the adult chicken spinal cord [27].
• To document potential brain areas that might play significant functional roles, the distribution of VIP mRNA was examined throughout the entire chick brain by using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) [14].
• The distribution and development of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive elements were studied in the spinal cord of embryonic and newly hatched chicks with the indirect immunofluorescence method [28].
• In radioligand assays, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) binding component in the membrane fraction of granulosa cells of the ovary of the hen was shown to possess characteristic properties of a receptor, such as reversible binding, binding specificity, high-affinity, and limited capacity [29].

References