Disease relevance of Granulosa Cells

• The most frequently observed neoplasms in F344 rats were malignant granulosa cell tumors (29% of primary rat ovarian neoplasms observed), benign undifferentiated sex cord-stromal tumors (26%), benign granulosa cell tumors (16%), and benign Sertoli cell tumors (7%) [1].
• Zona pellucida protein 3, a protein of the egg's extracellular matrix, and progesterone secreted by granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte are regarded as physiological stimuli of sperm acrosome reaction [2].
• We have characterized tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) promoter elements and nuclear factors required for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced transcription of the rat tPA gene in granulosa cells and constitutive expression of the gene in the rat neuroblastoma cell line B103 [3].
• The above findings demonstrate that cyclophosphamide has significant effects on the rat ovary structure and function and that the granulosa cell is an important target of cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity [4].
• Analysis of WT1 in granulosa cell and other sex cord-stromal tumors [5].

Psychiatry related information on Granulosa Cells

• It is concluded from the current study that IL-1 beta is a mediator of MMPI expression as well as granulosa cell steroidogenesis, and that this cytokine has divergent actions in the presence and absence of LH [6].

High impact information on Granulosa Cells

• Wilms' tumors from three individuals and one juvenile granulosa cell tumor demonstrate reduction to homozygosity for the mutated WT1 allele [7].
• Growth and function of primary cultures of granulosa cells obtained from immature, hypophysectomized, estrogen-treated rats were compared in serum-containing and serum-free media [8].
• Here we show that connexin 37 is present in gap junctions between oocyte and granulosa cells and that connexin 37-deficient mice lack mature (Graafian) follicles, fail to ovulate and develop numerous inappropriate corpora lutea [9].
• In ovarian granulosa cells, cyclin D2 is specifically induced by FSH via a cyclic-AMP-dependent pathway, indicating that expression of the various D-type cyclins is under control of distinct intracellular signalling pathways [10].
• We report here experiments with cultured granulosa cells which suggest that this contraceptive action of prolactin is due to its ability to interfere with the action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the synthesis of oestrogen [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Granulosa Cells

• Moreover, the effects of Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin on granulosa cell steroidogenesis were functionally integrated with other regulatory responses, since the non-cAMP dependent effector, estradiol 17-beta, interacted synergistically with bacterial adenylate cyclase in stimulating progesterone production [12].
• We examined the cellular functions of PTP20 in granulosa cells by expressing the wild type, a catalytically inactive CS mutant in which Cys229 of PTP20 was changed to Ser, or a substrate-trapping DA mutant in which Asp197 was mutated to Ala, using an adenovirus vector [13].
• As it is not completely certain whether GH modulates the actions of FSH on granulosa cells directly or via insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production, we studied its effect on steroid release by human granulosa cells obtained from subjects affected by unexplained or male factor infertility [14].
• Pertussis toxin treatment, shown to inhibit the generation of inositol phosphoglycans in other systems, was found to inhibit the effects of insulin on progesterone synthesis in granulosa cells [15].
• In contrast, replacement with DES (0.5 mg twice daily) or estradiol benzoate (3 mg daily) completely prevented the observed ovarian weight loss and increases in granulosa cell apoptosis [16].

Biological context of Granulosa Cells

• Treatment of human granulosa cells with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or an analogue of its second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP), promotes a rapid accumulation of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (scc) and adrenodoxin [17].
• After ovulation of an oocyte, granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle differentiate into luteal cells and become a major factor dedicated to the synthesis of the steroid hormone progesterone [18].
• We used electron microscopy, acid hydrolase cytochemistry, and biochemistry to analyze the uptake and metabolism of colloidal gold- and [3H]cholesteryl linoleate-labeled human low density lipoprotein (LDL) by cultured rat granulosa cells [19].
• In situ hybridization analysis localized Bok mRNA in granulosa cells, the cell type that underwent apoptosis during follicle atresia [20].
• A negative feedback system between oocyte bone morphogenetic protein 15 and granulosa cell kit ligand: its role in regulating granulosa cell mitosis [21].

Anatomical context of Granulosa Cells

• Also, GnRH and its agonist analogues have recently been shown to inhibit steroidogenesis induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in cultured granulosa cells, confirming the direct action of such peptides on the ovarian follicle [22].
• Exposure of 5-d granulosa cell cultures to pyrene-concanavalin A (P-Con A) or 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine-labeled low-density lipoprotein (dil-LDL) at 4 degrees C results in the formation of randomly distributed endosomes 10 min after warming to 37 degrees C that exhibit saltatory motion for 20 min [23].
• In situ hybridization histochemistry identified strong mRNA labeling for BMP-4 and -7 in the theca cells and BMP receptor types IA, IB, and II in the granulosa cells and oocytes of most follicles in ovaries of normal cycling rats [24].
• The production of inhibin in cultured granulosa cells from immature hypophysectomized, estrogen-treated rats and Sertoli cells from normal animals was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay using an antiserum against a synthetic replicate of [Tyr30]inhibin alpha-chain-(1-30) [25].
• Adult granulosa cell tumor (GCT) of the ovary is oftentimes a hormonally active, stromal cell neoplasm that is distinguished by its ability to secrete sex steroids such as estrogen [26].

Associations of Granulosa Cells with chemical compounds

• Prolactin suppresses steroid production by cultured granulosa cells isolated from small (1-2 mm), immature follicles, but stimulates progesterone secretion by granulosa cells collected from large (greater than 6 mm) mature follicles [27].
• Rat ovarian granulosa cells and mouse myocardial cells respond to cell-specific hormones by cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms [28].
• On the other hand, Clark et al. have demonstrated that GnRH and two agonists have a marked stimulatory effect on prostaglandin synthesis by granulosa cells isolated from immature rats treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) [29].
• In addition, estradiol enhanced the responsiveness of granulosa cells to FSH and LH by increasing synthesis of progesterone (353, 354) [30].
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: regulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in ovarian granulosa cells [31].

Gene context of Granulosa Cells

• ADAMTS-1 is induced after LH stimulation in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles and depends on PR [32].
• BMP15 is an oocyte-specific growth/differentiation factor that stimulates folliculogenesis and granulosa cell (GC) growth [33].
• To define the interrelationship of these factors, we used a preovulatory granulosa cell culture system in which we added recombinant GDF-9, prostaglandins, prostaglandin receptor agonists, or cyclooxygenase inhibitors [34].
• It is suggested that in FecB(B)/FecB(B) ewes, BMPR-IB would be inactivated partially, leading to an advanced differentiation of granulosa cells and an advanced maturation of ovulatory follicles [35].
• Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates progesterone synthesis in granulosa cells via a prostaglandin E2/EP2 receptor pathway [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Granulosa Cells

• In situ hybridization studies localized iNOS to granulosa cells of secondary follicles and small antral follicles [36].
• We describe 12 patients in whom granulosa-cell tumour was discovered after ovarian stimulation treatment with clomiphene citrate and/or gonadotropins [37].
• To this end, human (n = 6) and equine (n = 18) granulosa cell tumors (GCT) were analyzed for beta-catenin expression by immunohistochemistry [38].
• Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with nuclear extract protein from porcine granulosa cells treated with IGF-I and TNFalpha showed that Sp1 and a second transcription factor, P2, bound to the IGFRE [39].
• One-dimensional peptide mapping and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrate similarity between the granulosa cell and baby hamster kidney cell 10-nm filament subunit protein, both of which are distinguishable from keratin, desmin, actin, and tubulin [40].

References