Disease relevance of SSFA1

• The exciting findings from the recent trial in immunoinfertile couples indicate that the FA-1 antigen may have clinical application in the treatment of male infertility [1].
• Unbalanced growth and macromolecular synthesis in Streptococcus mutans FA-1 [2].
• RESULTS: Sixty-seven blebs were examined by FA 1 hour after surgery, and RPE debridement was confirmed by SEM or LM in 15 blebs from 10 animals [3].
• Streptococcus rattus FA-1 and Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 10904 underwent phenotypic acid adaptation in batch cultures toward the end of sugar-fueled growth after the culture pH had dropped to triggering values [4].
• FA-1 displayed greater variation than the CL assay or FA-2 and the highest IC(50) values with zanamivir; FA-2 showed the highest values with oseltamivir, particularly for influenza virus B, and was more variable with zanamivir than was the CL assay [5].

High impact information on SSFA1

• cDNA encoding for a sperm antigen, designated fertilization antigen (FA-1), was cloned and sequenced from murine testis cDNA-lambdagt11 expression library using FA-1 mAb [6].
• Extensive computer search in the GenBank, National Biomedical Research Foundation, and Swiss sequence banks did not identify any known nucleotide/amino acid sequence having homology with FA-1 cDNA or deduced amino acids, indicating it to be a novel protein [6].
• The FA-1 cDNA was subcloned into pGEX-2T vector and expressed in glutathione S-transferase gene fusion system to obtain the recombinant protein [6].
• FA-1 is a sperm-specific glycoprotein having receptor activity for ZP recognition and binding [1].
• A significant increase in mononuclear cells staining for the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) and fetal antigen 1 (FA1) were observed within the exercised human vastus lateralis muscle on days 4 and 8 post exercise [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of SSFA1

• The amino acid requirements of Streptococcus mutans strains AHT, OMZ-61, FA-1, BHT, GS-5, JC-2, Ingbritt, At6T, OMZ-176, 6715, Streptococcus salivarius HHT, Streptococcus sanguis OMZ-9, and strain 72x46 were determined in a chemically defined medium [8].
• Hyperfluorescence and variable central fluorescein leakage were seen 1 week after surgery in 52 of 53 blebs (which includes all 27 blebs from the 1-week timepoint and 26 of 29 blebs from the 4-week timepoint that were studied by FA 1 week after surgery) [3].
• In contrast to controls of organification of iodide was not inhibited by the addition of 100 microM iodide to the medium in FA-1 adenomas [9].

Biological context of SSFA1

• The Ab caused a significant (P < 0.001) and concentration-dependent inhibition of human sperm capacitation/acrosome reaction by blocking tyrosine phosphorylation of the FA-1 antigen [10].
• For example, for Streptococcus rattus FA-1, the pH at which arginolysis was reduced to 10% of the maximum was between 2.1 and 2.6, or more than 1 full pH unit below the minimum for glycolysis (pH 3.7), and more than 2 units below the minimum for growth in complex medium (pH 4.7) [11].
• However, as measured by ELISA, the circulating maternal FA1 levels in complete moles were not different from normal pregnancies [12].
• The results presented suggest that FA1 is a growth and/or differentiation factor extensively expressed in immature cells and down-regulated during fetal development [12].

Anatomical context of SSFA1

• The rFA-1 Ab specifically recognized a protein band of approximately 50 kDa in human testis extract in the Western blot involving 11 types of human tissue extracts, indicating the testis-specific expression of FA-1 at the protein level [10].
• The continued synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, protein, cell wall peptidoglycan and intracellular iodophilic polysaccharide (IPS) by Streptococcus mutans strain FA-1 after several treatments intended to inhibit protein synthesis was studied [2].
• A monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the human sperm plasma membrane protein, fertilization antigen-1 (FA-1), was tested for its reactivity with bovine spermatozoa and its effects on bovine fertilization in vitro [13].
• The concentration of FA1 in fetal serum, maternal serum, urine, and amniotic fluid in rats was determined using an ELISA [14].
• CONCLUSION(S): The FA-1 sperm antigen appears to significantly free sperm cells coated with autoantibodies in the semen of most infertile men examined [15].

Associations of SSFA1 with chemical compounds

• Three strains (S. mutans OMZ-176, FA-1, and BHT) required glutamate (and/or glutamine) [8].
• With these incubation conditions, one strain required isoleucine (S. mutans FA-1), another valine (S. mutans AHT), and a third tyrosine (72x46) [8].
• In order to investigate the relation between the structure and the function, and understand the reaction mechanism of the enzyme, a 3D model of fluoroacetate dehalogenase FAc-DEX FA1 was built by homology-based modeling [16].
• These antibodies also specifically recognized a single protein band of 51 +/- 2 kDa, corresponding to the dimeric form of FA-1 antigen, on a Western blot of lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS)-solubilized monkey sperm [17].
• Zinc inhibited alkali production from arginine or urea and was a potent enzyme inhibitor for arginine deiminase of S. rattus FA-1 and for urease of S. salivarius [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of SSFA1

• The Northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-Southern blot analyses indicated the testis-specific expression of FA-1 antigen at the mRNA level [10].
• The sperm-specific human FA-1 recombinant antigen may find applications in immunocontraception, and diagnosis and treatment of immunoinfertility in humans [10].
• Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding for human FA-1 antigen [10].
• Active immunization of animals with recombinant FA-1 antigen causes a long-lasting reversible inhibition in fertility by raising a sperm-specific immune response [1].
• Immunochemical identity between mouse and rat FA1 was established by crossed tandem immunoelectrophoresis [14].

References