Disease relevance of Colposcopy

• Forty-two women attending a colposcopy clinic for evaluation of abnormal cervical cytology and 13 normal controls were studied for the presence of lymphocyte proliferation (LP) cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and serological reactivity to E7 peptides of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) [1].
• SETTING: General practice, family planning, genitourinary medicine clinics, adolescent sexual health clinics, termination of pregnancy clinics, and women's services in hospitals (antenatal, colposcopy, gynaecology and infertility clinics) in two health authorities (Wirral and Portsmouth and South East Hampshire) [2].
• Eight patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were administered perilesional injections of human recombinant interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and the response was evaluated by colposcopy and exfoliative cytology and then by histopathology [3].
• These patients then agreed to undergo the following: colposcopy with directed biopsies; chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis screening; and serum CD4 level [4].
• Phase II participants were 135 women from either the Colposcopy or HIV Outpatient Clinic. HPV DNA testing was performed using polymerase chain reaction and Roche reverse line blot hybridization [5].

High impact information on Colposcopy

• INTERVENTION: Six main screening strategies--no screening, annual Papanicolaou smears, annual Papanicolaou smears after two negative smears obtained 6 months apart (recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), semiannual Papanicolaou smears, annual colposcopy, and semiannual colposcopy--were considered [6].
• The vaginal and systemic effects of estriol were determined by colposcopy and serum luteinizing hormone, levels of which would decline in the presence of systemic estrogen [7].
• High-risk HPV detection with Hybrid Capture II (HC II) was performed on a cervical scrape taken at the first visit before colposcopy (i.e. baseline smear) and during follow-up [8].
• Patients underwent Pap smear, colposcopy, biopsy and cervical swab for detection of HPV by polymerase chain reaction [9].
• Using liquid-based cytology specimens, p16(INK4a) immunocytochemical analysis has a higher PPV than reflex HC2 HPV testing for identifying CIN2/3 among patients with LSIL and might be useful for selecting patients with LSIL for colposcopy [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Colposcopy

• One patient with Class IV smear failed to show any atypical transformation zone and cervicitis was proven on colposcopy guided biopsy following treatment with Flagyl [11].

Biological context of Colposcopy

• After 12 months, the clinical evolution was classified as spontaneous remission, persistence, or progression depending on the absence or presence of lesion and/or HPV infection in colposcopy, histology, and polymerase chain reaction findings [12].

Anatomical context of Colposcopy

• BACKGROUND: Instillation of acetic acid onto the uterine cervix at colposcopy has been used for many years to highlight dysplastic areas and thereby enhance the ability to obtain targeted biopsy specimens [13].
• The anal canal was evaluated by colposcopy prior to ablation of the lesion with a CO2 laser [14].
• Urinary tract evaluation of diethylstilbestrol-exposed female progeny followed in a colposcopy clinic [15].
• These were first identified on the cervix uteri by colposcopy after the application of acetic acid, but they can also be found on penile and vulval epithelia by the same technique [16].
• The vaginal epithelium was studied in a total of 123 cycles at a structural and ultra-structural level with colposcopy, vaginal smear and biopsy on TEM and SEM [17].

Associations of Colposcopy with chemical compounds

• To test this hypothesis, we reviewed the pathology of women at enrollment in the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance/Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study who were managed at enrollment with oncogenic HPV testing using Hybrid Capture 2 (Digene Corp., Gaithersburg, MD) or colposcopy [18].
• Future studies of the effects of low-dose nonoxynol-9 on the female genital tract require highly controlled exposures, plus colposcopy with or without vaginal biopsy to define inflammation [19].
• Women were randomized to beta-carotene or placebo, with cytology and colposcopy every 3 months [20].
• Neopterin and beta-2-microglobulin levels were not elevated in colposcopy patients; neither were they related to severity of cervical neoplasia [21].
• Colposcopy and application of acetic acid are essential for detection [22].

Gene context of Colposcopy

• Mean concentrations of serum and plasma antioxidant nutrients were calculated within categories of HPV status (two times HPV negative, one time HPV positive, and two times HPV positive) and colposcopy [23].
• We therefore explored the utility of p16INK4a immunostaining as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for cervical neoplasia using paraffin-embedded tissue blocks (punch biopsies and loop electrosurgical excision procedures) obtained from women referred to colposcopy during the enrollment phase of the Guanacaste Project (1993 to 1994) [24].
• A task force named by the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) conducted a literature review and discussed appropriate management [25].
• Evaluation and followup of those patients with a history of DES exposure in utero or physical findings suggestive of vaginal adenosis should include vaginal Papanicolaou smears supplemented by colposcopy at 6-month to 1-year intervals [26].
• As determined by colposcopy, cytological and histological examinations, and HPV typing (in situ hybridization, ISH), 8 IFN-treated patients (14%) and 11 placebo-treated patients (18%) showed complete response (CR) at the 8th week [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Colposcopy

• Samples were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and two versions of the Hybrid Capture test for HPV, and women were invited for colposcopy if there was any cytological abnormality (including borderline smears) or the PCR test was positive [28].
• Analgesia for colposcopy: double-masked, randomized comparison of ibuprofen and benzocaine gel [29].
• With a 5-year experience of 79 paired colposcopies, it was concluded that estrogen administration is necessary as a routine precolposcopic procedure in such cases and oral administration of conjugated estrogens at 1.25 mg/day for 14 days is adequate for this purpose [30].
• OPTIONS: Visual inspection, Papanicolaou testing, colposcopy or cervicography, use of HPV group-specific antigen, DNA hybridization, dot blot technique, Southern blot technique or polymerase chain reaction followed by physical or chemical therapeutic intervention [31].
• Before the insertion of a speculum, a 1% aqueous solution of toluidine blue was applied to the posterior fourchette and photographs were taken using colposcopy with digital imaging (16 x magnification) [32].

References