Disease relevance of Gonorrhea

• Because of the widespread existence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to penicillin or tetracycline, ceftriaxone is now recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea [1].
• Sera were also negative from 50 normal individuals, 10 persons with gonorrhea, and 2 patients with psittacosis [2].
• We conducted a two-center dose ranging study to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance, and toxicity of cefpimizole, a new cephalosporin, in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in 96 males [3].
• CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the differences in the crack cocaine-related behaviors of adults and adolescents at risk for gonorrhea and syphilis [4].
• Chlamydia cases were younger and more likely to be White than their gonorrhea counterparts [5].

High impact information on Gonorrhea

• A comparison of single-dose cefixime with ceftriaxone as treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhea. The Gonorrhea Treatment Study Group [1].
• The failure of tetracycline to cure gonorrhea in 10 per cent of women argues against its use alone; treatment with penicillin followed by tetracycline has been recommended for further trial [6].
• Because cefoxitin, a semisynthetic cephamycin, resists gonococcal penicillinase in vitro, we compared procaine penicillin G and cefoxitin in treatment of gonorrhea in an area where 40 per cent of isolates produce penicillinase [7].
• A trial of minocycline given after exposure to prevent gonorrhea [8].
• For several reasons, including the appearance of beta-lactamase-producing gonococci, it is no longer clear that penicillin G is the "drug of choice" for gonorrhea [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gonorrhea

• In the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea, a single dose of cefixime (400 or 800 mg) given orally appears to be as effective as the currently recommended regimen of ceftriaxone (250 mg given intramuscularly) [1].
• Spectinomycin versus tetracycline for the treatment of gonorrhea [9].
• Ampicillin therapy for pharyngeal gonorrhea [10].
• Therapy of gonorrhea. Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin [11].
• Effect of nonoxynol-9 gel on urogenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infection: a randomized controlled trial [12].

Biological context of Gonorrhea

• In a prospective evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis against gonorrhea, 1080 men were given 200 mg of oral minocycline or placebo after sexual intercourse with prostitutes in a Far Eastern port [8].
• Antigenic variation during infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: detection of antibodies to surface proteins in sera of patients with gonorrhea [13].
• The efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ; 80 mg of TMP and 400 mg of SMZ per tablet; nine tablets taken once daily for three days; total, 27 tablets) was compared with the U.S. Public Health Service recommended regimen of 2 g of tetracycline daily for five days for the treatment of uncomplicated genital gonorrhea [14].
• These results confirm those of earlier clinical trials showing that 125 mg of ceftriaxone is effective therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea in a geographic area with a high prevalence of gonococci with chromosomally mediated antibiotic resistance [15].
• Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were tested using a highly discriminatory typing method, opa typing, to examine the genetic diversity over a 2-year study period of isolates from all consecutive patients with gonorrhea attending the Genitourinary Medicine clinic in Sheffield, United Kingdom [16].

Anatomical context of Gonorrhea

• Additionally, pediatric central nervous system infections responded to twice-daily ceftriaxone injection; ceftriaxone, in a single dose as low as 250 mg, cured gonorrhea, and a single dose of ceftriaxone was as effective as multiple doses of cefazolin in surgical prophylaxis [17].
• When compare to positive culture results for either Chlamydia or gonorrhea, urinary leukocyte esterase activity had a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 91%, and positive predictive value of 44% [18].
• Clinical trials have shown enoxacin to be effective for the treatment of gonorrhea, cystitis, complicated urinary-tract infections, and skin and skin structure infections [19].

Gene context of Gonorrhea

• Based on different prime-boost protocols, we could polarize immune responses to predominantly Th1 or Th2, which should enable future studies of the types of immune responses that are protective in mouse models of gonorrhea [20].
• A history of chlamydial infection (26.0%) and gonorrhea (13.0%) were more common in the SFM women than in either the COMP (16.0% and 3.0%) or the SSM (19.0% and 4.0%) groups [21].
• Of the 31 remaining strains of other auxotypes isolated from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea, 18 (58.1%) were sensitive to normal human sera in titers ranging from 2 to 2,048 [22].
• Por1B gonococci bound chimpanzee C4bp and resisted killing by chimpanzee serum, providing insight into the host restriction of gonorrhea and addressing why Por1B strains, but not Por1A strains, have been successful in experimental chimpanzee infection [23].
• Although both the AHU auxotype and protein IA serogroup were found to be associated with disseminated gonococcal infection, there was no direct correlation of IgA1 protease type with disseminated or with uncomplicated gonorrhea [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gonorrhea

• In a randomized, unblinded multicenter study of 209 men and 124 women with uncomplicated gonorrhea, we compared three single-dose treatment regimens: 400 mg or 800 mg of cefixime, administered orally, and 250 mg of ceftriaxone administered intramuscularly [1].
• Comparative double-blind study of 200- and 400-mg enoxacin given orally in the treatment of acute uncomplicated urethral gonorrhea in males [25].
• The immunogenicity of exposed peptides incorporating semiconserved residues 49-56 and 121-126 was revealed by strong, consistent antigenic reactivity to these regions measured in antipilus sera from rabbits, mice, and human and in sera from human volunteers with gonorrhea [26].
• An enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Gonozyme [Abbott Laboratories]) for gonococcal antigen was assessed for the rapid diagnosis of gonorrhea [27].
• These findings suggest that in vitro resistance to ciprofloxacin is predictive of clinical treatment failure in patients with gonorrhea [28].

References