Disease relevance of Anal Canal

• Squamous cell carcinoma antigen as a marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal [1].
• 0.4% Nitroglycerin ointment is an intra-anal formulation of nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate) indicated for the treatment of chronic anal fissure pain.black triangle Nitroglycerin is a nitric oxide (NO) donor, which reduces the increased anal canal pressure caused by a hypertonic internal anal sphincter, improving anodermal blood flow [2].
• METHODS: In rabbits, acute colitis was induced by colonic instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid at 25 cm from the anal sphincter [3].
• METHODS: To test the hypothesis that the anal sphincter can be preserved in some patients with DRA, the Cancer and Leukemia Group B and collaborators reviewed 177 patients who had T1/T2 adenocarcinomas < or = 4 cm in diameter, which encompassed < or = 40% of bowel wall circumference, and were < or = 10 cm from the dentate line [4].
• Relation between flexor spasms, uninhibited detrusor contractions and anal sphincter activity [5].

Psychiatry related information on Anal Canal

• The following were measured and compared: (1) anal canal pressure profile, (2) resting pattern of activity at the refashioned colorectum and anal canal, and (3) changes in motor activity after stimulation with cold water and glycerin [6].
• Women's health 18 years after rupture of the anal sphincter during childbirth: II. Urinary incontinence, sexual function, and physical and mental health [7].

High impact information on Anal Canal

• We randomly assigned 50 adults with symptomatic chronic posterior anal fissures to receive treatment with either a total of 20 U of botulinum toxin injected into the internal anal sphincter on each side of the anterior midline or 0.2 percent nitroglycerin ointment applied twice daily for six weeks [8].
• The anal gland secretions of dolichoderine ants in the genus Azteca are fortified with cyclopentyl ketones [9].
• Likewise, CO-mediated nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) relaxation of the internal anal sphincter requires CK2 activity [10].
• Between 1983 and 1987, 79 assessable patients with any primary tumor stage of anal canal carcinoma were treated by external-beam irradiation combined with mitomycin given by bolus iv injection and 5-FU given by continuous infusion [11].
• Nitric oxide not carbon monoxide mediates nonadrenergic noncholinergic relaxation in the murine internal anal sphincter [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Anal Canal

• PURPOSE: To assess the prognostic significance of p53 protein expression in patients with primary epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal managed by radiation therapy (XRT), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and mitomycin C (MMC) [13].
• Botulinum toxin could induce internal anal sphincter relaxation without the adverse effects of surgery (long-term faecal incontinence) or topical nitrates (anal burning, headaches, hypotension) [14].
• Enkephalin and somatostatin elicited a significant decrease in anal canal pressure after a bolus injection of 1 microgram/kg body weight whereas VIP and substance P had no effect [15].
• The purpose of this study was to determine whether lidocaine anal sphincter block would be effective in limiting anorectal procedure-associated autonomic dysreflexia [16].
• Diagnosing multiple system atrophy with greater accuracy: combined analysis of the clonidine-growth hormone test and external anal sphincter electromyography [17].

Biological context of Anal Canal

• Effects of galanin on the opossum internal anal sphincter: structure-activity relationship [18].
• PHI-(14-27)-NH2 and PHI tachyphylaxis caused significant antagonism of the fall in internal anal sphincter pressure by PHI-27 and PHM-27 without modifying the IAS responses to VIP and rectal balloon distention, sacral nerve stimulation, and local intramural stimulation [19].
• Routine midline (median) episiotomy has no place in modern obstetrics; when episiotomy must be performed for obstetric indications, use of mediolateral episiotomy should result in fewer anal sphincter injuries than use of midline episiotomy [20].
• Multivariate analysis showed urinary incontinence to be associated with anal sphincter rupture [OR 4.4 (95% CI 1.0-18.8)], pelvic heaviness [3.8 (2.1-7.0)], body mass index (BMI) >or=30 kg/m2[3.7 (2.0-6.7)], multiparity [1.8 (1.0-3.4)], varicose veins surgery [1.9 (1.2-3.2)] and age [1.9 (1.2-3.2)] [21].
• CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, using a transcranial multipulse stimulation, monitoring of motor-evoked potentials from the external anal sphincter is feasible during ketamine- and propofol-based anesthesia [22].

Anatomical context of Anal Canal

• METHODS: We determined the effect of angiotensin I, II, III, and IV and angiotensin-(1-7) on the basal tone of the rat internal anal sphincter smooth muscle before and after selective receptor antagonists and biosynthesis inhibitors [23].
• 1. Intracellular recordings were made from external urethral sphincter (EUS) and external anal sphincter (EAS) motoneurones in the cat spinal cord under pentobarbitone anaesthesia [24].
• Four patients with FAP (high transection, two; low transection, two) had microadenoma in the distal 'doughnut'. Despite attempts to place a stapled pouch-anal anastomosis below the anal transition zone, it was not possible to remove columnar mucosa completely from the remaining anal canal in most patients (16 of 18) [25].
• Unlike its effects on the rest of the GI tract, the effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) on the internal anal sphincter (IAS) are not known [26].
• Typically, near complete regression of tumor is noted on completion of the external RT, reproducing the dramatic responses that have been observed in SCC of the anal canal, esophagus and head and neck, with this CT-RT regimen [27].

Associations of Anal Canal with chemical compounds

• Influence of loperamide on the internal anal sphincter in the opossum [28].
• Nitric oxide pathway in rectoanal inhibitory reflex of opossum internal anal sphincter [29].
• Evidence for the role of angiotensin II biosynthesis in the rat internal anal sphincter tone [23].
• Diltiazem and internal anal sphincter [30].
• Involvement of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in internal anal sphincter relaxation [31].

Gene context of Anal Canal

• Moderate numbers of fibers reactive for neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide were found in the internal anal sphincter [32].
• A possible role is suggested for NPY and VIP containing nerves in the effector control of the human internal anal sphincter [33].
• Although several studies have implicated the heme oxygenase (HO) pathway, responsible for the endogenous production of CO, in the neuromodulatory control of the internal anal sphincter (IAS), its exact role is not known [34].
• The CGRP receptor mediating relaxation of the rat internal anal sphincter (IAS) has been characterized using CGRP analogues, homologues, the antagonist CGRP(8 - 37) and its analogues [35].
• Nitric oxide (NO) relaxes the internal anal sphincter (IAS), but its enzymatic source(s) remains unknown; neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS) NO synthase (NOS) isoforms could be involved [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Anal Canal

• Diathermy DCH was performed without pedicle ligature or anal-canal dressing, and a diclofenac suppository was administered at the end of the procedure [37].
• Objective assessment of sphincter function by manometry and rectal saline infusion was carried out during topical anaesthesia of the anal canal using 5% lignocaine gel and during lubrication with the same amount of inert gel [38].
• High-dose radiation therapy and neoadjuvant plus concomitant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced squamous-cell anal canal cancer: final results of a phase II study [39].
• Transmural electrical stimulation of the sheep isolated internal anal sphincter causes a transient relaxation of myogenic tone that appears to involve nitric oxide from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves and, to a lesser degree, noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves [40].
• In conclusion, although radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy is considered the current 'gold-standard' treatment for anal canal cancer, in our daily experience, only 55% of our T3/T4 patients have undergone this treatment [41].

References