Disease relevance of neopterin

• There were significantly greater reductions in plasma HIV with the three-drug combination than with the other regimens when peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were cultured for HIV and HIV RNA was assessed, and there were greater decreases in serum neopterin and beta2-microglobulin levels [1].
• MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Efficacy was assessed by changes in CD4+ cell counts beta 2-microglobulin, neopterin, HIV-1 immune-complex dissociated (ICD) p24 antigenemia, and HIV-1 viral load [2].
• Neopterin excretion in chronic persistent hepatitis was not statistically different from that in chronic active hepatitis [3].
• Neopterin, immune activation, and psoriasis [4].
• Potential of urinary neopterin excretion in differentiating chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis from fatty liver [3].

Psychiatry related information on neopterin

• This increase was associated with severity of dementia and correlated with cerebrospinal fluid levels of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin [5].
• These results suggest that CSF neopterin, although not disease-specific, may be useful as a surrogate marker for the presence of AIDS dementia complex and its response to antiviral therapy [6].
• High blood monocyte counts and neopterin levels in children with autistic disorder [7].
• Tryptophan depletion and catecholamine depletion, but not sham depletion, induced a transient exacerbation of depressive symptoms (p <.001); plasma neopterin levels increased during tryptophan depletion and catecholamine depletion (p <.05) [8].
• Tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, biopterin, and neopterin in the brains of normal controls and patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type [9].

High impact information on neopterin

• The serologic markers were the serum levels of neopterin (a product of stimulated macrophages), beta 2-microglobulin, soluble interleukin-2 receptors, IgA, and HIV p24 antigen [10].
• We conclude that of the eight markers studied, progression to AIDS was predicted most accurately by the level of CD4+ T cells in combination with the serum level of either neopterin or beta 2-microglobulin [10].
• A stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that the best predictors, in descending order, were CD4+ T cells (the percentage of lymphocytes or the CD4+: CD8+ ratio), the serum level of neopterin or beta 2-microglobulin, the level of IgA, that of interleukin-2 receptors, and that of p24 antigen [10].
• In particular, IL-1 beta and neopterin production were further enhanced by stimulation with either interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or TNF-alpha without a synergistic effect [11].
• IFN-beta ser/IFN-gamma enhanced monocyte guanylate cyclase activity, as assessed by serum neopterin, more effectively than IFN-gamma alone (P = 0.005) [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of neopterin

• Urinary neopterin and biopterin levels in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex [13].
• In the patients with AIDS dementia complex, CSF neopterin concentrations correlated with severity of disease and decreased in conjunction with clinical improvement following treatment with zidovudine [6].
• Hypotension associated with increased serum nitrate and neopterin levels was observed [14].
• This study examined 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2,5A) synthetase activity in 26 individuals during the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection and its correlation with neopterin or beta 2-microglobulin [15].
• Here, we present the structures of Staphylococcus aureus DHNA (SaDHNA) in complex with neopterin (NP, an analog of DHNP) and with monapterin (MP, an analog of DHMP), filling the gap in the structural analysis of the enzyme [16].

Biological context of neopterin

• RESULTS: The rapid oxidative stress formation in response to taurolithocholate-3-sulfate (TLCS) was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, apocynin, and neopterin, suggestive for the involvement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases [17].
• Neopterin in clinical medicine [18].
• Neopterin as a marker for activated cell-mediated immunity: application in HIV infection [19].
• For most of the disease process, HIV activates the immune system, and the degree of activation can be assessed by measuring serum levels of molecules such as beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin, as well as other serum and cell surface phenotype markers [20].
• Haplotypes at the PAH locus were determined for 19 individuals with moderately elevated plasma phenylalanine and normal urinary neopterin/biopterin ratios [21].

Anatomical context of neopterin

• CD4+ T cells (expressed as an absolute number, a percentage of lymphocytes, or a ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells) were the best single predictor of the progression to AIDS, but the serum neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin levels each had nearly as much predictive power [10].
• Multivariate discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis of response were performed on routine blood tests; serum levels of EPO, iron, ferritin, transferrin, and its receptor; World Health Organization (WHO) performance status; various cytokines; neopterin; stem cell factor; C-reactive protein; and alpha 1-antitrypsin [22].
• In the latter, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin levels (which may reflect the GTP-CH I activity in the brain) were reduced to 18% and 37% of controls [23].
• The combination of age at diagnosis, pretherapeutical hemoglobin, leukocyte count, and neopterin was found to predict survival best [24].
• Determination of neopterin [D-erythro-6-(1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)pterin] in body fluids is a powerful diagnostic tool in a variety of diseases in which activation of cellular immune mechanisms is involved, such as certain malignancies, allograft rejection, and autoimmune and infectious diseases [25].

Associations of neopterin with other chemical compounds

• Immune response-associated production of neopterin. Release from macrophages primarily under control of interferon-gamma [26].
• Immune stimulation or interferon administration induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and GTP cyclohydrolase activity in humans, resulting, respectively, in tryptophan degradation to kynurenine and in neopterin production [27].
• Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid, tetrahydrobiopterin, and neopterin concentrations were reduced in this man and in his affected children [28].
• Correlations between CSF QUIN, kynurenic acid and L-kynurenine with markers of immune stimulation (neopterin, white blood cell counts and IgG levels) indicate a relationship between accelerated kynurenine pathway metabolism and the degree of intracerebral immune stimulation [29].
• Induction of neopterin secretion and IDO activity was inhibited by a polyclonal antiserum to 15-kDa [30].

Gene context of neopterin

• Increased and decreased neopterin serum levels in untreated and treated SAA patients, respectively, suggest modulation of endogenous lymphokine release subsequent to immunosuppression [31].
• CONCLUSIONS: High doses of IL-10 upregulate the production of IFN-gamma and neopterin [32].
• RESULTS: In patients with CACD, the highest dose of 20 microg/kg IL-10 caused a significant increase in serum neopterin on days +15 and +29 of therapy compared with pretreatment levels [32].
• Compared with these 57 patients with CAD alone, 15 patients with PAD and CAD had higher median levels of SAA (17 versus 7 mg/mL, P=0.008), IL-6 (12 versus 4 pg/mL, P=0.002), neopterin (14 versus 11 mg/dL, P=0.006), and total TGF-beta (11834 versus 6417 ng/L, P=0.001) [33].
• In distinction to monocytes/macrophages, neopterin production in DC was highly sensitive to IFN-alpha and IFN-beta [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of neopterin

• Plasma neopterin levels were significantly increased 24 hours after treatment at weeks 1, 6, and 12 [35].
• Differential diagnosis between non-A, non-B hepatitis and fatty liver by measurement of urinary neopterin [36].
• Immunologic monitoring, including serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and neopterin, flow cytometry, and natural killer cell (NK) activity, were measured [37].
• Neopterin levels were determined with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method [38].
• All cytokine measurements were made by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; neopterin was measured by using radioimmunoassay [39].

References