Disease relevance of Esotropia

• We describe an X-linked disorder of the CNS, characterized by onset, in infancy, of hypotonia, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, developmental delay, esotropias, and optic atrophy, and by a progressive course leading to death in childhood [1].
• One monkey that previously had been shown to have a large-angle esotropia during development exhibited only exophoria, and in a final monkey in which large-angle esotropia was found during development, the strabismus had resolved [2].
• RESULTS: After initially successful strabismus surgery, both patients developed recurrent esotropia with diplopia, which resolved on suboccipital decompression [3].
• Patients who developed changes in preoperative strabismus were more likely to develop increased esotropia and/or restrictive hypertropia [4].
• Congenital esotropia was associated with prematurity (odds ratio [OR], 11.5; 95% CI, 3.4-39.2), a birth weight less than 2500 grams (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.7-12.9), a low Apgar score at 1 minute (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.7-11.2) and at 5 minutes (OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 1.3-30.7), and a family history of strabismus (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5-8.3) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Esotropia

• Strabismus surgery and its effect upon infant development in congenital esotropia [6].
• Can ophthalmologists repair the brain in infantile esotropia? Early surgery, stereopsis, monofixation syndrome, and the legacy of Marshall Parks [7].

High impact information on Esotropia

• Four had structural anomalies including: ASD (n = 1); ptosis and esotropia (n = 1); labial fusion (n = 1); and urogenital sinus, dysplastic kidneys, and hydrometrocolpos (n = 1) [8].
• PALs were effective in slowing progression in these children, with statistically significant 3-year treatment effects (mean +/- SE) for those with larger lags in combination with near esophoria (PAL - SVL progression = -1.08 D - [-1.72 D] = 0.64 +/- 0.21 D), shorter reading distances (0.44 +/- 0.20 D), or lower baseline myopia (0.48 +/- 0.15 D) [9].
• PURPOSE: To investigate the accuracy of spatial localization in children with a specific type of convergent strabismus, fully accommodative esotropia [10].
• The effects were similar in the case of pupil diameter, esophoria and prolactin [11].
• Conclusion: Prism adaptation significantly improves the 1-year motor outcome after esotropia surgery in prism responders [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Esotropia

• HRP-labeled cells were counted in coronal sections, and data from four animals with divergent strabismus (exotropia) and four with convergent strabismus (esotropia) were compared to those from four normally reared animals [13].
• RESULTS: The patient improved with resolution of his esotropia and diplopia within five days of discontinuing his cyclosporine [14].
• A 70-year-old man with known vascular disease, who had bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and an 18-month-old girl with a long-term variable esotropia culminating in a postinfectious oculopharyngeal neuropathy both responded with a positive edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) test, strongly suggesting the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis [15].
• Comparison of atropine and tropicamide in esotropia [16].
• CONCLUSION: Echothiophate iodide, given postoperatively for congenital esotropia, does not improve the surgical results during the first postoperative year [17].

Biological context of Esotropia

• The genetic basis for isolated strabismus that clusters in families, such as infantile esotropia syndrome, is also not yet known, but new techniques of molecular biology may now permit linkage detection in these families [18].
• Animals who had the longest delay in correction of the optical strabismus exhibited eye movement abnormalities as severe as those of adult animals with uncorrected, natural esotropia [19].
• PURPOSE: Divergence insufficiency is an unusual form of strabismus with esotropia and diplopia only at distance and single binocular vision at near [20].
• 3) Cases of mosaic trisomy 8, which has been associated with Duane syndrome and infantile esotropia, were reviewed for signs of strabismus [21].
• A 14-year-old boy with congenital seesaw and horizontal pendular nystagmus associated with decreased visual acuity, high myopia, esotropia, and normal peripheral visual fields is reported [22].

Anatomical context of Esotropia

• METHODS: Patients with idiopathic acquired (nonaccommodative) esotropia and/or hypotropia were questioned in detail about possible contributing factors (trauma; family history of strabismus; thyroid, neurologic, or rheumatologic disorders) [23].
• Brain stem necrosis resulting from a vascular deficiency has been offered as a possible pathogenetic explanation.(2) The strabismus in Möbius syndrome is congenital esotropia with bilateral limitation in abduction [24].

Gene context of Esotropia

• We investigated the hypothesis that mutations in the albinism genes Tyrosinase, the P Gene, and TYRP1 may also be responsible for congenital esotropia via a similar mechanism [25].
• These unpredictable surgical results in NBS present yet another feature that distinguish this condition from essential infantile esotropia without nystagmus [26].
• CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus in nanophthalmos usually manifests as nonaccommodative and partially refractive esotropia [27].
• BACKGROUND: Fusion and the development of the monofixation syndrome are well recognized after surgical alignment of congenital esotropia to within 8 delta of orthotropia [28].
• It must be distinguished from Duane's retraction syndrome, Moebius syndrome, nystagmus blockage syndrome, and early onset accommodative esotropia, as well as other causes of esotropia in infancy [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Esotropia

• BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies have indicated that myopic children with nearpoint esophoria experienced slower myopia progression if they wore bifocal glasses rather than single-vision glasses [30].
• Retinoscopy under cycloplegia using cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl) hydrochloride was performed on 18 patients (36 eyes) with partial or complete accommodative esodeviation, during and after treatment with echothiophate (Phospholine) iodide [31].
• PURPOSE: To determine the short-term (6 month) and long-term (4 year) surgical results of infantile esotropia in a control group of 100 patients, as compared to a myopia (-2.0 to -5.0 diopters [D]) group of 13 patients and to a high-myopia (greater than -8.0 D) group of 14 patients [32].
• Accommodative spasm usually encompasses a classical triad of pseudomyopia, esodeviation and pupillary constriction [33].

References