Disease relevance of Leukocytosis

• Data obtained in the course of a nationwide study of patients with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) demonstrated substantially higher hospital mortality among patients with leukocytosis or elevated blood glucose levels, or both [1].
• Inhibition of leukocyte rolling with polysaccharide fucoidin prevents pleocytosis in experimental meningitis in the rabbit [2].
• Autonomous production of cytokines such as the hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), IL-1, or IL-6 has been demonstrated in numerous human and murine neoplasms, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of several paraneoplastic syndromes such as leukocytosis, fever, and hypercalcemia [3].
• Modification of the N-acetyl muramic acid or substitution of the alanine at position four in the peptide side chain decreased leukocytosis but enhanced brain edema [4].
• Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and leukocytosis were frequent findings, and the magnitude of these abnormalities was related to the corresponding serum theophylline level [5].

Psychiatry related information on Leukocytosis

• Progressive CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis and intrathecal IgG-synthesis occurred late in familial amyotrophy, neuropathy, chorea, and dementia with spherocytosis [6].
• The hepatitis had a sporadic cyclical pattern of lethargy, inappetance, and icterus, with leukocytosis and increased serum activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase [7].
• The possible associations of visual hallucinations with cyclosporine therapy (7 per cent), CSF pleocytosis with OKT3 therapy (7 per cent), and compressive neuropathy with operative-anesthetic monitoring (7 per cent) were discussed in relation to previous reports in the literature [8].

High impact information on Leukocytosis

• Two patients with metastatic cancer had extremely high serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin I levels--greater than those seen in even the most intense granulocytic proliferation--that were not explainable by leukocytosis [9].
• Conversely, pepducins selective for CXCR4 cause a massive leukocytosis that does not affect survival [10].
• Pulmonary infiltrates were demonstrated in 14 patients, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was seen in 10 patients, and elevated levels of serum creatinine were demonstrated in eight patients [11].
• A growing number of systemic inflammatory diseases characterized in part by recurrent fevers, leukocytosis, anemia, and elevated acute phase proteins are linked to interleukin (IL)-1 activity since rapid and sustained resolution is observed upon specific blockade of IL-1 receptors [12].
• In euthymic mice with established infection, treatment with 1-5 micrograms/d murine GM-CSF induced three dose-related effects: peripheral blood leukocytosis, preferential accumulation of myelomonocytic cells at visceral foci of infection, and leishmanicidal activity comparable to that achieved by IFN-gamma [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Leukocytosis

• When histamine was injected into the joints, a marked increase in vascular permeability but no leukocytosis above control levels was observed [14].
• Similar to t(15;17) APL, all-trans retinoic acid treatment in this patient produced an early leukocytosis which was followed by a myeloid maturation, but the patient died too early to achieve remission [15].
• Comparison of agents producing a neutrophilic leukocytosis in man. Hydrocortisone, prednisone, endotoxin, and etiocholanolone [16].
• The disaccharide-tetrapeptide, the major component of all gram-negative peptidoglycans, induced CSF leukocytosis and protein influx at doses as low as 0.4 microgram (0.42 nM) [4].
• Blood urea nitrogen (4.64-27.8 mmol/L) and creatinine (601.1-1105.0 micromol/L) were high, and cerebrospinal fluid contained high concentrations of proteins and pleocytosis [17].

Biological context of Leukocytosis

• Univariate analysis showed that unfavorable prognostic factors for overall survival were age 60 years or older (P =.0002), cytogenetic data (P =.002), FAB types other than M2 (P =.002), leukocytosis over 100 +/- 10(9)/L (P =.003), and the FLT3 gene mutation (P =.004) [18].
• Mice that received a transplant of CD2-IL-5-transgenic F/P(+) HSC/Ps (IL-5Tg-F/P) developed intense leukocytosis, strikingly high eosinophilia, and eosinophilic infiltration of nonhematopoietic as well as hematopoietic tissues, a phenotype resembling human HES [19].
• Over the 4 months of follow-up, TPO levels in plasma were markedly elevated in both groups of mice, and animals typically developed a myeloproliferative syndrome characterized by thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, splenomegaly, increased numbers of progenitors in blood, and extramedullary hematopoiesis [20].
• RESULTS: Treatment with IL-1 alpha before carboplatin was associated with moderate leukocytosis (baseline mean, 6.15 x 10(3)/microL; maximum mean, 17.9 x 10(3)/microL; P < .001) and significant increases in platelet counts (baseline mean, 241 x 10(3)/microL; maximal mean, 392 x 10(3)/microL; P < .001) [21].
• Administration of bretylium, an antihypertensive and anti-arrhythmic agent, resulted in reduction of blood pressure and the severities of glomerulonephritis, DVD, and MI; it also slightly reduced the levels of circulating immune complexes and leukocytosis [22].

Anatomical context of Leukocytosis

• Knee joints expressing human IRAP were protected from the leukocytosis that otherwise follows the intraarticular injection of recombinant human interleukin 1 beta [23].
• These results show that exogenously administered glycosylated or nonglycosylated rh GM-CSF is both an effective stimulator of leukocytosis and a potent activator of the phagocytic function of mature granulocytes in monkeys [24].
• An FLT3/ITD mutation was present in 27% of the patients and was associated with leukocytosis and a high percentage of bone marrow blast cells (P <.001 for both) [25].
• Central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus versus central nervous system infection: low cerebral spinal fluid glucose and pleocytosis in a patient with a prolonged course [26].
• Bcl-x(L) alone could not promote leukemic transformation, but mice injected with FL5.12 cells overexpressing Bcl-x(L) and a dominant-negative p53 construct developed leukocytosis and blastic infiltration of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver with features of a high-grade lymphoid malignancy [27].

Gene context of Leukocytosis

• The combined action of these cytokines causes fever, leukocytosis and the production of acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) [28].
• Correlation between VEGF expression and peripheral leukocytosis suggests that these changes may also reflect the immunologic status of the patient [29].
• Despite the high CSF levels of IL-8, minimal leukocytosis was seen [30].
• 5-Lipoxygenase-deficient (5LX(-/-)) and C5-deficient mice only generated about 50% as much peritoneal leukocytosis as wild-type mice following intraperitoneal (IP) challenge with the sterile irritant, thioglycollate (P<0.005) [31].
• In uPAR-deficient mice, CSF pleocytosis was significantly attenuated 24 h after infection, compared with that in infected wild-type (wt) mice [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Leukocytosis

• Early mortality and the retinoic acid syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukemia: impact of leukocytosis, low-dose chemotherapy, PMN/RAR-alpha isoform, and CD13 expression in patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid [33].
• Mice transplanted with FGFR3-TD-expressing BM developed a marked leukocytosis and lethal hematopoietic cell infiltration of multiple tissues within 6 weeks of transplantation [34].
• An analysis in the 201 patients newly diagnosed with AML (excluding M3) revealed that, in contrast to the FLT3/ITD mutation (n = 46), D835 mutations (n = 8) were not significantly related to the leukocytosis, but tended to worsen disease-free survival [35].
• Lumbar puncture after MRI in six patients revealed low CSF pressure (six patients) and pleocytosis or high protein, or both (four patients) [36].
• Inflammation in the CNS as manifested by CSF pleocytosis and MRI findings was also correlated with the presence of spirochetal DNA detected by PCR [37].

References