Disease relevance of Conditioning, Classical

• An in vitro preparation consisting of the siphon, mantle, gill, and abdominal ganglion undergoes classical conditioning when a weak tactile stimulus (CS) applied to the siphon is paired with a strong tactile stimulus to the gill (UCS) [1].
• The apomorphine (A)-induced stereotypy and the conditioned reflex activity were inhibited by extremely low doses of H, while somewhat higher doses were needed to induce catalepsy or to suppress the A-elicited turning behaviour in rats with unilateral nigral lesion [2].

Psychiatry related information on Conditioning, Classical

• Evidence for classical conditioning of cocaine's motor-activity effects and context-specific behavioral sensitization to cocaine was obtained, relative to vehicle-treated (control) and pseudoconditioned (unpaired) groups [3].
• On the basis of what is known about the neural circuitry essential or normally involved in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC), the pattern of neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) would not appear to interfere with this type of learning [4].
• Using conditioned-reflex methods for active and passive avoidance with punishment reinforcement, we found pronounced memory deficits in 12-week old rats exposed perinatally to alcohol (FAS rats) [5].

High impact information on Conditioning, Classical

• Functions of this dopamine-containing projection system were examined in monkeys trained in a classical conditioning task, and the effects of striatal dopamine depletion were tested [6].
• Stress-induced facilitation of classical conditioning [7].
• A classical conditioning paradigm was used to demonstrate that male rats can learn to secrete luteinizing hormone and testosterone in anticipation of sexual activity [8].
• Thus, classical conditioning in mammals activates MAPK, which is necessary for consolidation of the resultant learning [9].
• Here, naive rats received brief intraoral infusions of sucrose and quinine paired with cues in a classical conditioning paradigm while the electrophysiological activity of individual NAc neurons was recorded [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Conditioning, Classical

• Employing a classical conditioning paradigm in which faces were conditioned by pairing with an aversive tone (US), we compared responses evoked by conditioned (CS+) and nonconditioned (CS-) stimuli [11].
• Alternatively, this additional modulation of Ca2+ by 5-HT might contribute to processes such as classical conditioning or long-term sensitization that may depend on Ca2+ [12].
• This form of classical conditioning is of considerable clinical relevance as intense craving can be evoked by the presentation of stimuli previously associated with the effects of cocaine [13].
• Cellular analog of differential classical conditioning in Aplysia: disruption by the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate [14].
• These several results suggested that the dually regulated adenylate cyclase might underlie the temporal requirements for effective classical conditioning in this system [15].

Biological context of Conditioning, Classical

• Phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by one-trial and multi-trial classical conditioning [16].
• A classical conditioning experiment was designed to determine if a conditioned neural response would develop and persist in cortical evoked potentials elicited by a foreleg stimulus (CS+) that was paired with morphine administration during the development of dependence and subsequent withdrawal [17].
• Muscle tension and single motor unit EMG recordings from a flexor muscle of acute spinal cats were obtained during presentation of classical conditioning and control paradigms [18].
• However, LTD has only been obtained reliably when (1) cerebellar slices are bathed in GABA antagonists which abolish disynaptic inhibitory post synaptic potentials, and (2) the temporal sequence of stimulation used in slice or intact preparations is the opposite of that used in classical conditioning [19].
• In neuromuscular blocked (NMB) rats, electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) and dopamine-produced blood pressure rise were effective unconditioned stimuli (UCS) for auditory discriminative classical conditioning [20].

Anatomical context of Conditioning, Classical

• Changes of extracellular glucose and lactate in hippocampus for freely moving rats during the operant conditioned reflex were examined simultaneously [21].
• We investigated the effect of appetitive classical conditioning on dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens shell and core, as dopamine may be differentially activated by conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (CS, US) in these subregions [22].
• The 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist, ritanserin, was reported to retard the acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs) during classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane (NM) response [23].
• We have previously reported that a classical conditioning paradigm involving stimulation of a row of facial vibrissae produced expansion of the cortical representation of the activated vibrissae ("trained row"), this was demonstrated by labeling with 2-deoxyglucose in layer IV of the barrel cortex [24].
• We show that otherwise non-infected honeybees whose immune systems are challenged by a non-pathogenic immunogenic elicitor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have reduced abilities to associate an odour with sugar reward in a classical conditioning paradigm [25].

Gene context of Conditioning, Classical

• mGluR1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells is required for normal association of temporally contiguous stimuli in classical conditioning [26].
• Sensory and motor systems (olfactory acuity and shock reactivity) required for the classical conditioning experiments were normal in mutant linotte flies--indicating that the mutation disrupts learning/memory specifically [27].
• Both modeling studies and identification of memory-related genes using RNA fingerprinting suggest that a third source of calcium, release from intracellular stores through the ryanodine receptor, may be involved in classical conditioning [28].
• In vitro eye-blink classical conditioning is NMDA receptor dependent and involves redistribution of AMPA receptor subunit GluR4 [29].
• Children with ADHD and controls were compared on a classical conditioning paradigm [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Conditioning, Classical

• Although some animal research suggests that serotonin level affects classical conditioning, there is little knowledge of the effect of conditioning or reconditioning on serotonin [31].
• Analysis of glucose and lactate in hippocampal dialysates of rats during the operant conditioned reflex using microdialysis [21].
• Consistent with the immunocytochemical findings, Western blot analysis showed that calbindin-D28K protein levels were reduced after classical conditioning [32].
• After treatment with mexidol, which has a wide spectrum of actions, paticularly antioxidant. antihypoxic, and antistress, rats showed a normal process of acquisition of a conditioned reflex to time [33].
• Clonazepam-treated rats with raphe lesions reveal a significantly higher number of conditioned-reflex avoidance responses compared with the control group and with the group of Clonazepam-treated animals [34].

References