Disease relevance of Vibrissae

• Nevertheless, the highest degrees and ratios of metaplasia were only obtained after treatment with the CD367 RAR panagonist, or with either Ro40-6055 or CD437 at a concentration sufficient to allow the activation of the three RAR, suggesting that RARbeta activation is required for a metaplasia of all vibrissae [1].
• Despite the nearly normal mapping of V ganglion cell axons onto the vibrissae follicles and brainstem, staining for either cytochrome oxidase (CO) or parvalbumin failed to reveal vibrissae-related patterns in PrV, SpI, or the magnocellular portion of V subnucleus caudalis in these animals [2].

Psychiatry related information on Vibrissae

• In order to do this a short-duration classical conditioning involving stimulation of a row of mystacial vibrissae in mice was followed with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) mapping of functional activity [3].
• STUDY OBJECTIVES: Determine the effects of time of day and sleep deprivation on glutamate decarboxylase 67,000 MW (GAD67) mRNA during cortical synaptic reorganization induced by a unilateral trimming of the mystacial vibrissae in rats [4].
• Apomorphine is a dopamine receptor agonist, eliciting motor activity, including enhanced whisking leading to the activation of vibrissae representation in the barrel cortex [5].
• Compared with control rats, capsaicin-treated rats showed significant increases in the response magnitude to stimulation of surround-RF vibrissae as well as in response latency variability to stimulation of both center- and surround-RF vibrissae [6].
• The effect of peripheral sensory deprivation upon GABAA receptor binding of [3H]muscimol was investigated in the barrel cortex--cortical representation of mystacial vibrissae of mice--by means of in vitro quantitative autoradiography [7].

High impact information on Vibrissae

• Hoxc13 is also expressed in vibrissae, in the filiform papillae of the tongue, and in hair follicles throughout the body; a pattern that apparently violates spatial colinearity [8].
• Mineralization of vibrissae was noted as early as 5 weeks of age and was progressive with age in Abcc6(-/-) mice but was not observed in Abcc6(+/-) or Abcc6(+/+) mice up to 2 years of age [9].
• Particularly striking was the mineralization of vibrissae, as confirmed by von Kossa and alizarin red stains [9].
• Here we report that heterozygous mice with deletions of the TRPS1 GATA domain (TRPS1(+/Deltagt)) display facial anomalies that overlap with findings for TRPS, whereas TRPS1(Deltagt/Deltagt) mice additionally reveal a complete absence of vibrissae [10].
• Mf2 (mesoderm/mesenchyme forkhead 2) encodes a forkhead/winged helix transcription factor expressed in numerous tissues of the mouse embryo, including paraxial mesoderm, somites, branchial arches, vibrissae, developing central nervous system, and developing kidney [11].

Biological context of Vibrissae

• The compound muscle action potential (MAP) of the vibrissae muscle began to reappear 4 weeks after the first BTX injection [12].
• p63 protein is essential for the embryonic development of vibrissae and teeth [13].
• Reconstitution of scid mice with whole splenocytes resulted in functional recovery times similar to wild-type, with eye blink reflex recovery and vibrissae movement being 10.5+/-0.3 and 10.0+/-0.0 days, respectively [14].
• Neonatal transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION; the trigeminal, V, branch that supplies the mystacial vibrissae follicles) results in an upregulation of galanin in the central arbors of primary afferent axons [15].
• Taken together with the demonstration that acute injection of this dose of mAMPH induces the immediate early gene zif/268 and Fos protein in barrel cortex, these data suggest that the prolonged behavioral activity involving the vibrissae contributes to the mAMPH-induced damage to S1 neurons [16].

Anatomical context of Vibrissae

• In the mouse, follistatin mRNA is first detected in the deciduum on embryonic day 5.5 and later in the developing hindbrain, somites, vibrissae, teeth, epidermis, and muscle [17].
• In situ expression analyses in mouse embryos revealed that Dll1 and Acvrinp1 show partly overlapping but distinct expression patterns, for example, in the central nervous system and the vibrissae buds [18].
• Proceedings: The relative sensitivity of glutamate and aspartate of cells in the ventrobasal thalamus of the rat which respond to movement of the vibrissae [19].
• Depletion of cortical serotonin (5-HT) during development results in a decrease in the size of the patches of thalamocortical afferents representing the mystacial vibrissae in lamina IV of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) [20].
• Stimulation of mystacial vibrissae in rows A,B, and C increased (14C) 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake in spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis (Sp5c) mostly in ventral portions of laminae III-IV with less activation of II and V [21].

Associations of Vibrissae with chemical compounds

• The 85% depletion of 5-HT did not alter the somatotopic organization of thalamocortical afferents in animals killed on P-6 or P > 60, but it did cause 30.5 +/- 7.3% and 19.1 +/- 3.7% reductions in the cross-sectional areas of the patches of thalamocortical afferents corresponding to the long mystacial vibrissae (p < 0.05) [22].
• The cortical representation of a trained row of vibrissae was visualized with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) functional brain mapping 1 day after the completion of the conditioning procedure [23].
• The partial blockade of NMDA receptors within the barrel cortex reduced (by half) the expansion of the cortical representation of a trained row of vibrissae as compared to the enlargement of the cortical representation of a trained row found in untreated (60%) and Elvax-PBS implanted (47%) mice [23].
• Vibrissae stimulation failed to increase glucose utilization significantly in cortical areas remote from the infarct [24].
• As a nociceptive stimulus, we injected formalin into the left mystacial vibrissae, assessed behaviour for 45 min and sacrificed the animals 45 min later [25].

Gene context of Vibrissae

• We show that radioactively labelled exogenous GDNF is retrogradely transported from neonatal teeth and vibrissae to the trigeminal neurons, indicating that GDNF acts as a classical neurotrophic factor in the trigeminal system [26].
• Hoxa4 expression is first seen in E13.5 vibrissae throughout the follicle placode [27].
• Outside the nervous system, Jag2 is expressed in the developing vibrissae follicles, tooth buds, thymus, submandibular gland and stomach [28].
• Ret mRNA was also found in several sensory systems, in ganglia, and in nonneuronal tissues such as teeth and vibrissae [29].
• To determine whether the decreased CMR(glc) in mutant TR alpha 1(PV/+) mice reflected lesser synaptic density or reduced functional activity in existing synapses, we stimulated vibrissae unilaterally and measured CMR(glc) bilaterally in four stations of the whisker-to-barrel cortex pathway [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Vibrissae

• In situ hybridization revealed that the GAD67 mRNA level was elevated in one row of barrels in the trained group as well as in controls receiving vibrissae stimulation alone [31].
• The present study reexamined this issue using immunocytochemistry for galanin (GAL) and anterograde labelling with Di-I to evaluate V brainstem organization in rats that sustained damage to the ION or individual vibrissae follicles in infancy or adulthood [32].
• 1. Glass microelectrodes were used to record extracellular responses from 308 SI cortical neurons to deflections of the contralateral vibrissae in 21 unanesthetized, paralyzed rats [33].
• In urethane-anesthetized rats a 0.36-mm metallic cannula for infusion was positioned in the somatosensory component of the thalamic reticular nucleus (sTR), where movement of the vibrissae evoked neuronal discharge [34].
• Effect of castration and testosterone propionate on mouse vibrissae [35].

References