Disease relevance of Animal Experimentation

• Evidence from epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and animal experiments indicates that inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis lower the risk of colon cancer [1].
• Results obtained in animal experiments suggest a key role for PMNLs in ischemia-reperfusion injury of transplanted livers; therefore, we studied the expression of adhesion molecules on circulating PMNLs (beta2-integrins [CD18] and L-selectin [CD62L]) in 20 patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (study group) [2].
• According to animal experiments the shortlasting vascular effect of reserpine on primary Raynaud's disease might be due to depletion of the sympathetic nerve terminals for norepinephrine [3].
• Published risk estimates based on different sets of data (animal experiments, epidemiological studies) appear basically consistent, and on this basis an angiosarcoma risk of approximately 3 x 10(-4) has been deduced by extrapolation, for exposure to 1 ppm vinyl chloride over an entire human working lifetime [4].
• Dexmedetomidine is a highly specific alpha2-adrenergic agonist, which is used clinically as an anesthetic adjuvant and in animal experiments has a neuroprotective effect during ischemia [5].

Psychiatry related information on Animal Experimentation

• These findings further support the idea that NMDA antagonists can be used in animal research to model persisting symptomatology of cognitive and psychotic disorders [6].
• There is evidence from in vitro and animal experiments that oral creatine (Cr) supplementation might prevent or slow down neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) [7].
• There has been a tremendous amount of human epidemiological and experimental animal research on the characterization of the anomalies produced by chronic prenatal ethanol exposure and the identification of critical periods of vulnerability and critical amounts of ethanol necessary to produce fetal effects and (or) abnormal development [8].
• Bupropion (BUP), which in its slow-release formulation (Zyban) is used as a smoking-cessation drug, increases dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens and serves as a reinforcer in animal experiments, both suggesting that BUP may possess some abuse liability [9].

High impact information on Animal Experimentation

• The use of diets that are glutamine- and arginine-supplemented are only now being examined in animal experiments [10].
• Animal research. Challenge on testing [11].
• Animal research. White House says no [12].
• In the majority of animal experiments, exogenous T exerts either neutral or beneficial effects on the development of atherosclerosis [13].
• These data question the validity of animal experiments which purport to be models for methadone maintenance programs but in which treatment is started immediately prior to or soon after conception [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Animal Experimentation

• Sumatriptan, a novel selective 5-hydroxytryptamine1d (5-HT1d) receptor agonist, which is highly effective in the acute treatment of migraine attacks, blocks dural neurogenic plasma extravasation and constricts cranial blood vessels in animal experiments [15].
• BACKGROUND: Previous studies of cyclosporine-induced cholestasis were flawed by confounders encountered in human studies and discrepancies in acute animal experiments [16].
• Previous animal research suggests that progesterone may have powerful neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI) [17].
• The significance of these results in relation to other animal experiments with these compounds and possible ramifications regarding the aetiology of the human Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are discussed [18].
• Cross-reactivity associated with delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) arising from cephem antibiotics with a tetrazolyl group in the C-3 side chain was investigated by clinical testing and animal experiments [19].

Biological context of Animal Experimentation

• These results were also supported, for the first time, by animal experiments, p65 cDNA transfection and p65 small interfering RNA studies, which clearly showed that a specific target (NF-kappaB) was affected in vivo [20].
• BACKGROUND: Stimulation of sensory nerves with capsaicin regulates ion transport in the small intestine in animal experiments [21].
• It is also expected that the JEV/D4 chimera with its pathogenicity in mice and atypical immune profile, could have applications in dengue prophylactic research, in vivo efficacy assessment of dengue vaccines and development of animal research on models of dengue secondary infection [22].
• INTERVENTIONS: This study was approved by the Animal Experiment Committee of Nara Medical University. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital to maintain suppressive electroencephalographic patterns, which were introduced to measure direct effects of anesthetic agents after removing metabolic effects [23].
• To attenuate the response to airway irritation, intravenous lidocaine is recommended (based on animal experiments) and mitigates the response to histamine inhalation in asthmatic volunteers [24].

Anatomical context of Animal Experimentation

• BACKGROUND: Arginine vasopressin (AVP) not only acts directly on blood vessels through V1 receptor stimulation but also may modulate adrenergic-mediated responses in animal experiments in vivo and in vitro [25].
• Results from animal experiments with depletion of immune cells or with deficiency of CD40 molecules indicate that T cells and CD40 molecules are critical in the anti-tumor immunity induced by NeuEDhsp70 DNA vaccine [26].
• Adverse effects of cyclosporine on the adrenal cortex have been documented in animal experiments, but nothing has been reported in human subjects [27].
• It has been suggested that these findings, which are opposite to those observed in animal experiments, are the consequence of the acquired antigravity function of upper limb flexor muscles in man [28].
• Because this acute vasoobliterative phase could be due to the inhibition in retinal vessels of the production of the potent vasodilator and antithrombotic metabolite prostacyclin, animal experiments were performed to assess this possibility [29].

Associations of Animal Experimentation with chemical compounds

• Recent animal experiments suggest that dopamine plays a less crucial role than formerly supposed in the regulation of psychomotor functions [30].
• Human and animal research indicates that low or lowered cholesterol levels may reduce central serotonin activity, which in turn is causally linked to violent behaviors [31].
• This principle of sustained local drug delivery is shown by a series of in vitro experiments on the release of 5-fluorouracil, and in vivo animal experiments, using x-ray fluoroscopic and scintigraphic techniques [32].
• Interfering with tumor cell attachment with integrin-binding peptides has been shown to be an effective antimetastatic strategy in animal experiments [33].
• Animal experiments have shown that the gamma-endorphin fragment des-enkephalin-gamma-endorphin (DE gamma E; beta-lipotropin 66-77) is the shortest sequence with neuroleptic-like activity with potency comparable to des-tyrosine-gamma-endorphin [34].

Gene context of Animal Experimentation

• Animal experiments including transgenic and knockout mice suggest that three isoforms, SREBP-1a, -1c, and -2, have different roles in lipid synthesis [35].
• Current data on the gastric safety of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors in the presence of H. pylori infection are largely derived from animal experiments and indirect clinical evidence [36].
• Our animal experiments further revealed that an additional administration of a high-dose ethanol to chronic alcohol-fed rats led to decrease of endotoxin clearance, increased extrahepatic accumulation of endotoxin and elevation of plasma TNF [37].
• Animal experiments using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed against the mRNA of both CRH receptor subtypes identified the CRH1 receptor as the mediator of the anxiogenic effects of CRH [38].
• Immunohistochemical and molecular studies of endometrial NOS expression, as well as animal experiments with NOS inhibitors, indicate that NO plays an important role in endometrial functions such as endometrial receptivity, implantation and menstruation [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Animal Experimentation

• Next, we evaluate behavioral pharmacological experiments that specifically assess the influence of activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system on drug reinforcement, with particular emphasis on animal experiments using drug self-administration paradigms [40].
• These findings demonstrate a marked efficacy of melatonin in animal models of focal cerebral ischaemia, identify priority areas for future animal research, and suggest melatonin as a candidate neuroprotective drug for human stroke [41].
• The occurrence of convulsions is not in keeping with the results of animal experiments and of clinical trials in which epileptic patients were included, both of which suggest that viloxazine does not have epileptogenic properties and may have anticonvulsant actions [42].
• The association between drug therapy and pigment accumulation (in conjunction with animal experiments) was taken to indicate some form of causal relationship, and minocycline residues were anticipated [43].
• However, according to cell culture and animal experiments acetaldehyde is highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic [44].

References