Disease relevance of Individuality

• In earlier studies, we provided statistical evidence that individual differences in the angiotensinogen gene, the precursor of the vasoactive hormone angiotensin II, constitute inherited predispositions to essential hypertension in humans [1].
• As a consequence of individual differences in susceptibility to thiamine deficiency, neurological symptoms and signs were more related to the profile of neural damage than to the number or duration of deprivation episodes [2].
• Human liver NNMT activity has a bimodal frequency distribution, an observation which raises the possibility that this enzyme activity might be regulated by a genetic polymorphism, a polymorphism that could have functional implications for individual differences in drug and xenobiotic toxicity [3].
• To investigate whether individual differences in TF gene expression could predispose subjects to thrombosis, we sequenced the 5' domain of the gene up to nucleotide 2732 and found 6 different polymorphisms: 4 of them were completely concordant and defined 2 haplotypes with similar frequencies, designated as 1208 D and 1208 I [4].
• OBJECTIVE: The study investigates individual differences in the mental representation of attachment and their impact on the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis (IST) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Individuality

• They point to a new role of hippocampal GR, strongly implicating this receptor in determining individual differences in anxiety and novelty-seeking behavior [6].
• Cortisol has a pivotal role in physical and mental health, but relatively few studies have paid attention to individual differences in cortisol levels and the etiology of these differences, in particular their possible genetic basis [7].
• Overall, this study provides the first demonstration in humans of the positive reinforcing effects of caffeine alone (i.e., in capsules) and documents individual differences among normal subjects in both caffeine positive reinforcement and caffeine avoidance [8].
• These results increase the evidence concerning the involvement of the HPA axis and catecholamines in response to psychological stress, and suggest that possible individual differences in the neuroendocrine coping mechanisms may affect mood regulation and the state of health [9].
• These data suggest that environmental factors play a major role in determining individual differences in the propensity to self-administer cocaine and that, as such, they should be considered more seriously by those interested in the basis and treatment of drug abuse [10].

High impact information on Individuality

• Thus, genes coding for the GABAA receptor or associated proteins may be critical determinants of individual differences in ethanol sensitivity [11].
• Our psychobiological threshold model explains the effects of individual differences in dopamine transmission on behavior, and their relation to personality traits is discussed [12].
• Converging lines of evidence indicate that adolescence may be a sensitive period for steroid-dependent brain organization and that variation in the timing of interactions between the hormones of puberty and the adolescent brain leads to individual differences in adult behavior and risk of sex-biased psychopathologies [13].
• These results provide the basis for future studies to determine the role of sulfation of peptides in humans and whether individual variations in tyrosylsulfotransferase activities correlate with individual differences in the degree of sulfate conjugation of peptides [14].
• This study suggests that individual differences in susceptibility to diarrhea after milk ingestion by lactase-deficient subjects may be due to differences in the quantity of lactose not absorbed and/or differences in the rate of bacterial metabolism of lactose in the colon [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Individuality

• These results suggest that a single factor in the second-messenger pathway may (a) account for the majority of individual differences in stimulation of adenylate cyclase of fluoride and (b) help explain the reduced activities previously observed in alcoholics [16].
• The most notable example may be a common variant that affects the transcription rate in the promoter for the serotonin transporter gene that may be relevant for individual differences in the response to common anti-depressants [17].
• Individual differences in cognitive aging: implication of pregnenolone sulfate [18].
• Individual differences in plasma fluorouracil levels, and also in derived pharmacokinetic constants, were considerably less than those reported previously [19].
• Furthermore, individual differences in glucose thresholds for epinephrine release may contribute to variations in the glucose level associated with hypoglycemic symptoms [20].

Biological context of Individuality

• Studies with mice, including knockout-transgenic, quantitative trait locus, and strain-comparison studies, also strongly support the possibility that muOR gene alleles would be strong candidates for contributing to individual differences in human nociception and opiate drug responses [21].
• Evidence supports the role of estrogen deprivation in the process of bone remodeling and increased risk of fracture in postmenopausal women but little is known about the genetic basis of individual differences in response to therapy [22].
• BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess individual differences in the pharmacological effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on bleeding time as measured by in vitro platelet aggregation and to examine the consistency of responses over time [23].
• The apparent variability in replication timing seen for telomeric DNA might suggest individual differences in firing of replication origins [24].
• (GTG)(n) and other repetitive sequences generally showed a replication pattern similar to that of the bulk of DNA with slightly individual differences, whereas centromeric DNA repeats consistently replicated within a short time frame in late S phase [24].

Anatomical context of Individuality

• In addition, individual differences in spatial learning capacity among the aged rats correlated with levels of SYN staining selectively in three regions: outer and middle portions of the dentate gyrus molecular layer and CA3-LM [25].
• These observations suggest that inherited variations in TS PST activity and thermal stability in an easily obtained tissue, the platelet, might be used to predict individual differences of those properties of the enzyme in the human small intestine, an organ that plays an important role in drug metabolism [26].
• These results support the interpretation that LOW and HIGH feeders exhibit differences in presynaptic nucleus accumbens dopamine function that account for the expression of individual differences in sugar consumption and response to amphetamine treatments [27].
• These data suggest that the mode of maternal use of cocaine and individual differences in placental handling of the drug may protect some fetuses, and highlight the need to address interpatient variability [28].
• There was a large individual difference in the microsomal glucuronidation of cis-HO-TAM, which correlated well with glucuronidation of 4-hydroxybiphenyl by human liver microsomes [29].

Gene context of Individuality

• Cloning of a cDNA for human liver NNMT will help make it possible to test the hypothesis that inheritance may play a role in the regulation of individual differences in human liver NNMT activity [3].
• Individual difference in expression levels of Ahr and Arnt mRNA was observed in liver, lung and blood [30].
• Individual difference in expression levels of Ahr and Arnt mRNAs was observed, and the expression levels of CYP1A1 appeared to associate with those of transcriptional factors [31].
• To determine whether more common genetic polymorphisms that do not completely inactivate the enzyme might be one factor responsible for individual differences in sulfate conjugation, we previously cloned the human PAPSS2 gene [32].
• In summary, both SULT1A2 and SULT1A1 have a series of common alleles encoding enzymes that differ functionally and are associated with individual differences in phenol SULT properties in the liver [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Individuality

• Our results seem to indicate that the differences observed in the 2-h responses at the OGTT among children with MODY 2 could be related to individual differences in insulin sensitivity [34].
• Within the group that received relaxation training, correlations occurred between the improvements in glucose tolerance after treatment and individual differences in trait anxiety and in the effect of alprazolam on glucose tolerance [35].
• Self-administration of intravenous amphetamine is predicted by individual differences in sucrose feeding in rats [36].
• Ethanol administered 15 min before immobilization significantly reduced the stress-induced increases in both plasma catecholamines, although individual differences in response were noted [37].
• Plasma concentration of haloperidol was measured by the enzyme immunoassay, and expressed as "plasma concentration dose ratio" to normalize individual differences [38].

References