Disease relevance of Exploratory Behavior

• Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of gp120 in rats produced a marked sickness behavior syndrome, consisting of reduced exploratory behavior, suppressed consumption of food and saccharin solution, and reduced body weight [1].
• But R-PIA had no effect on taurine/GABA release (during ischemia), hippocampal neuronal damage (7 days post-ischemia), exploratory behavior (48 h post-ischemia) or learning capacity (7 days post-ischemia) [2].
• We conclude that mild, blunt brain trauma involving the hippocampus causes specific upregulation of TNF alpha transport and a selective change in exploratory behavior [3].
• In this study, using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, we found significantly less novelty-seeking behavior (behavior thought to be dopamine-dependent) in Parkinson's disease patients than in matched controls, but no differences between groups in behaviors thought to be dependent on serotonin and norepinephrine [4].
• The interactions between angiotensin II (AT II) and piracetam in exploratory behavior of rats in open field and in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) convulsive-seizure threshold in mice were studied [5].

Psychiatry related information on Exploratory Behavior

• Impaired locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in mice lacking histamine H1 receptors [6].
• None of the extraversion and/or exploratory behavior measures was related to the L-DRD4 allele, as expected [7].
• Individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior but not in anxiety response to a new environment can predict nicotine consumption in adolescent C57BL/6 mice [8].
• These abnormalities include increase in rapid eye movement sleep, decrease of saccharin consumption after stress, and reduced exploratory behavior in a novel open field [9].
• We assessed non-spatial, short-term memory in a two-object recognition task and found no deficits in memory or exploratory behaviors in cocaine-exposed offspring in this paradigm [10].

High impact information on Exploratory Behavior

• Interaction between purine and benzodiazepine: Inosine reverses diazepam-induced stimulation of mouse exploratory behavior [11].
• Hcrt cells discharge in active waking and have moderate and approximately equal levels of activity during grooming and eating and maximal activity during exploratory behavior [12].
• Increased aggressiveness, disturbed responses to kainic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate, neophobia and deficiency in exploratory behavior were demonstrated in these mice [13].
• The surviving adult PACAP(-/-) mice displayed remarkable behavioral changes; they exhibited hyperactive and explosive jumping behaviors in an open field, increased exploratory behavior, and less anxiety in the elevated plus maze, emergence, and novel-object tests [14].
• Mice without CB1 receptors are extremely hypoactive in a test for exploratory behavior (open-field test), showing markedly reduced locomotion and rearing [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Exploratory Behavior

• Endogenous CCK may not be released during dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion or dark-induced hyperlocomotion, or endogenous CCK may not contribute significantly to exploratory behaviors mediated through the mesolimbic dopamine pathway [16].
• Inhibition of norepinephrine (NE) release using the alpha 2-agonist clonidine (25 micrograms/kg, i.p.) or the noradrenergic-selective neurotoxin DSP-4 antagonized the restraint-induced decrease in exploratory behavior [17].
• The alpha 1-receptor antagonist prazosin (200 micrograms/kg) also prevented the behavioral effect of restraint, whereas the alpha 1-agonist phenylephrine (50 or 100 ng, i.c.v.) decreased exploratory behavior [17].
• We verified that exploratory behaviors were depressed in each model and that an antidepressant drug, tranylcypromine, prevented the depressed behavior in each model [18].
• Adult offspring prenatally exposed to ethanol (FAE; 35% ethanol-derived calories), pair-fed (PF) or control (C) diets were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM), the forced swim test (FST), and the open field test (OFT) to assess spatial learning, depressive behavior, and exploratory behavior/anxiety, respectively [19].

Biological context of Exploratory Behavior

• These results indicate that through H1R, histamine is involved in circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and exploratory behavior as a neurotransmitter [6].
• Expression of the transgene correlated with an attenuation of exploratory behavior and increased circling activity and coincided with enhanced neuronal NADPH diaphorase staining [20].
• Our results show that although estradiol administration in KA-treated rats has beneficial effects on cell survival, it has diverse effects on exploratory behavior, object, and spatial memory [21].
• Meanwhile, PACAP-deficient mice display a high early mortality rate and additional CNS phenotypes including behavioral and psychological phenotypes (e.g., hyperlocomotion, intense novelty-seeking behavior, and explosive jumping) [22].
• The involvement of NMDA receptors in the succinate-induced increase of total protein carbonylation content and exploratory behavior inhibition was assessed by co-administrating MK-801 (7 nmol/2.5 microl icv), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, with succinate (1 micromol/2.5 microl icv) [23].

Anatomical context of Exploratory Behavior

• Rats exposed to repeated stress showed a lower exploratory behavior score (p < 0.01), higher basal corticosterone levels (p < 0.01), and stronger GR IR in the hippocampus (p < 0.05) than control rats [24].
• Representative L- and D-amino-acid retro-inverso peptides injected bilaterally in the nucleus accumbens demonstrated changes in rat exploratory behavior and prepulse inhibition similar to those observed following parenteral amphetamine [25].
• In a separate group of rats, bradykinin was infused into the pancreas through a previously implanted catheter resulting in a decrease in exploratory behavior and an increase in other pain-related behaviors, e.g. licking of the abdomen [26].
• These results suggest that neither the amygdala nor the hippocampus play an important role in controlling exploratory behavior in a black-white compartment box, but that the amygdala may have some role in mediating the effect of buspirone to increase exploration of the white/open compartment [27].
• The role of histamine in the anterior hypothalamus and its functional interaction with the hippocampus on exploratory behavior in adult male rats [28].

Gene context of Exploratory Behavior

• The dopamine D4 receptor, which is preferentially distributed in cortical and limbic regions of the brain, is currently of major interest because of the high degree of functionally relevant variability in its gene (DRD4), and the association of this gene with Novelty Seeking behavior [29].
• The results indicate that Idua(-/-) mice present deficits in long-term memory for aversive training and reduced exploratory behavior [30].
• In order to elucidate the involvement of CCKAR in the regulation of anxiety, we investigated the exploratory behavior on elevated plus-maze test, the black and white box test, and open field test with OLETF rats in comparison with normal [Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO)] rats [31].
• These data indicate that the Clock mutation leads to increased exploratory behavior and increased escape-seeking behavior, and, conversely, does not result in increased anxiety or depressive-like behavior [32].
• Neuronal overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 correlates with an attenuated exploratory behavior and causes an increase in neuronal NADPH diaphorase staining [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Exploratory Behavior

• DSP-4-induced depletion of brain norepinephrine produces opposite effects on exploratory behavior 3 and 14 days after treatment [33].
• Microinjections of glutamate into the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPAG) of rats induce flight behavior, and blockade of glutamate NMDA receptors in the same region increases exploratory behavior of rats tested on the elevated plus maze [34].
• Ethanol self-administration and exploratory behavior in the elevated plus maze were measured at 2 hr and 3 to 5 weeks after exposure [35].
• These results suggest that endogenous alpha-MSH and NPY containing systems may interact in the amygdala and regulate exploratory behavior in an animal model of anxiety [36].
• In this study, we extended these findings and found that intraventricular injection of C3 prior to training impaired learning or memory processes in rats and mice in an approach avoidance task and decreased exploratory behavior in rats [37].

References