Disease relevance of Sinus of Valsalva

• Addition of tamoxifen (TMX) to a high-fat diet, equivalent to a dose of approximately 1 mg TMX per kg body weight per day, suppressed the diet-induced increase in the area of lipid staining in the aortic sinus of the mice by 88% and in the average number of lesions by 86% [1].
• This report describes a patient with valvular pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect in whom a portion of his pulmonary blood flow was supplied by an aortopulmonary tunnel arising from a left sinus of Valsalva aneurysm [2].
• Rupture of an aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva into the superior vena cava [3].
• Transaortic repair of ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva can be accomplished with a low risk of mortality and has the advantage that an associated ventricular septal defect, which frequently accompanies this condition, can be conveniently closed via the same route [4].
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva are the two most common cardiac abnormalities associated with sudden death during childhood [5].

High impact information on Sinus of Valsalva

• Citrate-treated C57BL/6 mice fed the Ath diet showed extensive oil red O-staining fatty streak aortic sinus lesions (20,537+/-2,957 micron2), the size of which did not differ for Ath-fed mice treated with STZ (16,836+/-2,136 micron2) [6].
• After 12 weeks of being fed a cholesterol-enriched atherogenic diet, mice injected with GdCl(3) exhibited 50% reductions in both aortic sinus atherosclerotic lesions (P < 0.0097) and surface lesions of the abdominal aorta (P < 0.006) [7].
• Lipid and macrophage contents of the aortic sinus plaques were measured after oil-red O and Mac-1 antibody staining, respectively, and quantified with computed morphometry [8].
• We have therefore generated apolipoprotein E-deficient mice genetically deficient in specific T lymphocyte subpopulations and measured atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus and en face whole aorta preparation at 18 weeks and at 1 year of age [9].
• The presence of LTalpha was observed in aortic sinus lesions suggesting a direct role of LTalpha in modulating lesion growth [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sinus of Valsalva

• Differential effects of angiotensin II on atherogenesis at the aortic sinus and descending aorta of apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice [11].
• Pyridoxine-responsive homocystinuria with ruptured sinus of Valsalva in a Chinese boy [12].
• We report a patient with an undiagnosed left sinus of Valsalva aneurysm who, during a dobutamine stress test, had myocardial injury and subsequent infarction [13].

Biological context of Sinus of Valsalva

• In contrast to wild-type and AT1-/- mice, this treatment led to severe atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic sinus and the aorta (oil red O staining) and to an impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation (organ chamber experiments with isolated aortic segments) in ApoE-/- mice [14].

Anatomical context of Sinus of Valsalva

• The coronary sinus-aortic difference in plasma vitamin E levels in the variant angina group was not significantly altered after left coronary artery spasm induced by intracoronary injection of acetylcholine [15].
• The luminal area of aorta at the sinotubular junction also increased with age and heart weight and it also increased as the sum of the aortic valve cuspal areas and weights and sinus of Valsalva volumes increased [16].
• Immunohistochemical staining showed CD3-positive lymphocytes in the aortic sinus of mice immunized with Mt or HSP-65, but not in the control group [17].
• Results. We detected a low basal expression of activated NF-kappaB, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in the endothelium of the aortic sinus [18].
• Expression of platelet-derived growth factor-B, c-myc and c-fos proteins was much weaker in smooth muscle cells at the aortic sinus in transgenic mice [19].

Associations of Sinus of Valsalva with chemical compounds

• Animals were treated with azithromycin for 6 weeks after the third inoculation and the atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aortic sinus were measured by computer-assisted morphometry [20].
• Losartan treatment reduced lesion area at the aortic sinus, although differences were only significant in female mice [11].
• The remaining patients with similar diagnoses did not develop a marked increase in coronary sinus thromboxane B2 or the coronary sinus/aortic thromboxane B2 ratio with provocation [21].
• Peripheral venous TxB2 levels did not correlate with TxB2 levels in coronary sinus (r = 0.01) or the TxB2 coronary sinus/aortic ratios (r = 0.21) [22].
• Thus, in contrast to LDLR-deficient mice, probucol had a strong proatherogenic effect in the aortic sinus of apoE-deficient mice associated with the reduction of HDL levels in spite of the reduction of total plasma cholesterol levels [23].

Gene context of Sinus of Valsalva

• Therefore, expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as other chemokines involved in macrophage infiltration into the lesion area, were measured in the aortic sinus of control and irbesartan-treated animals [24].
• On the 14th day after injection, the lesion formation in aortic sinus was inhibited in Ad-APN-treated mice by 30% compared with Ad-betagal-treated mice (P<0.05) [25].
• Immunohistochemical staining for scavenger receptor protein in the aortic sinus was more intense in lesions from the p55-null mice as compared with wild type controls [26].
• Aortic sinus lesion area of ob/ob;apoE-/- mice was increased 3.2-fold above ob/ob;LDLR-/- mice (102,455+/-8565 microm2/section versus 31,750+/-4478 microm2/section, P<0.001) [27].
• Exclusive expression of transmembrane TNF-alpha in mice reduces the inflammatory response in early lipid lesions of aortic sinus [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sinus of Valsalva

• The cross-sectional surface area of fatty streak lesions in the aortic sinus was reduced by 60% in the antioxidant group compared with both the tea and control groups (P<0.0001 antioxidant versus tea or control) [29].
• Ruptured congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva with persistent left superior vena cava imaged by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography [30].
• We describe an infant with a ventricular septal defect that was diagnosed prospectively by transthoracic echocardiography as an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva [31].
• Right aortic sinus of Valsalva-to-right ventricle fistula complicating bacterial endocarditis of membranous ventricular septal defect: evaluation by two-dimensional, color flow, and Doppler echocardiography [32].

References