Disease relevance of Mycobacterium

• BACKGROUND: Azithromycin is active in treating Mycobacterium avium complex disease, but it has not been evaluated as primary prophylaxis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [1].
• A randomized trial of clarithromycin as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [2].
• A single M. tuberculosis gene, katG, encoding both catalase and peroxidase, restored sensitivity to INH in a resistant mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis, and conferred INH susceptibility in some strains of Escherichia coli [3].
• Suppression of airway eosinophilia by killed Mycobacterium vaccae-induced allergen-specific regulatory T-cells [4].
• Infection with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) was more severe in IRF-1-/- mice than in wild-type mice [5].

Psychiatry related information on Mycobacterium

• Effect of trifluoperazine, a potential drug for tuberculosis with psychotic disorders, on the growth of clinical isolates of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis [6].

High impact information on Mycobacterium

• This is in keeping with other evidence showing that susceptible humans generate some level of Th1 immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection [7].
• In this issue of Cell, a study by Valerie Mizrahi and her colleagues suggests that a putative error-prone DNA polymerase encoded by the dnaE2 gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may bypass certain types of DNA base damage, generating mutations [8].
• Here, we provide evidence for the involvement of the specific trisaccharide unit of the phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1) of Mycobacterium leprae in determining the bacterial predilection to the peripheral nerve [9].
• RESULTS: Among patients with no prior treatment, a median of 9.9 percent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were resistant to at least one drug (range, 2 to 41 percent); resistance to isoniazid (7.3 percent) or streptomycin (6.5 percent) was more common than resistance to rifampin (1.8 percent) or ethambutol (1.0 percent) [10].
• Prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifabutin, or both. California Collaborative Treatment Group [1].

Chemical compound and disease context of Mycobacterium

• Mycobacterium chelonae, subspecies abscessus, was isolated from the gentian violet stock used by the surgeon and from five of the eight patients [11].
• The human tuberculosis vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has features that make it a particularly attractive live recombinant vaccine vehicle [12].
• The emb operon, a gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in resistance to ethambutol [13].
• Naturally pyrazinamide (PZA)-resistant Mycobacterium bovis and acquired PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis strains lose pyrazinamidase (PZase) [14].
• Mycobacterium microti may protect itself from intracellular destruction by releasing cyclic AMP into phagosomes [15].

Biological context of Mycobacterium

• These findings in fungi, in conjunction with reports that isocitrate lyase is both upregulated and required for the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, demonstrate the wide-ranging significance of the glyoxylate cycle in microbial pathogenesis [16].
• When mice were injected with plasmid DNA encoding a single mycobacterial antigen (65-kDa heat shock protein, hsp65) they made specific cellular and humoral responses to the protein and became immune to subsequent challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis [17].
• By using an ultrasensitive technique to measure adenosine triphosphate in terms of functional biomass, we have confirmed that Mycobacterium lepraemurium (the agent of rat leprosy and a classical obligate intracellular microbe) grows in vitro in the Nakamura system [18].
• The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome contains 11 serine/threonine kinase genes including two, pknA and pknB, that are part of an operon encoding genes involved in cell shape control and cell wall synthesis [19].
• The Mycobacterium tuberculosis serine/threonine kinases PknA and PknB: substrate identification and regulation of cell shape [19].

Anatomical context of Mycobacterium

• Methylation-dependent T cell immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis heparin-binding hemagglutinin [20].
• Here we show that treatment of mice with SRP299, a killed Mycobacterium vaccae-suspension, gives rise to allergen-specific CD4+CD45RB(Lo) regulatory T cells, which confer protection against airway inflammation [4].
• Stimulation of macrophages with Mycobacterium and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, -3, and -4, but not TLR9, ligands resulted in high levels of TRAIL upregulation and enhanced cytokine production in TRAIL-R(-/-) cells [21].
• Phenolic glycolipid-1 of Mycobacterium leprae binds complement component C3 in serum and mediates phagocytosis by human monocytes [22].
• DC-SIGN is the major Mycobacterium tuberculosis receptor on human dendritic cells [23].

Gene context of Mycobacterium

• inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis [24].
• Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is required in the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice [25].
• Mice with a targeted disruption of the interferon gamma receptor gene (IFN-gamma R0/0 mice) and control wild-type mice were inoculated with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain of Mycobacterium bovis [26].
• TLR9 regulates Th1 responses and cooperates with TLR2 in mediating optimal resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis [27].
• Using C57Bl/6 mice in which the genes for these cytokines have been disrupted, we have examined the relative contribution of secreted LTalpha3 and membrane-bound LTbeta in the host response to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Mycobacterium

• Adjuvant arthritis (AA) induced in the Lewis rat (RT-1(l)) by injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis serves as an experimental model for human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [29].
• Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin conferred a substantial protection in MyD88(-/-) mice from acute MTB infection [30].
• We used two PCR reactions: in the first the complex-specific insertion sequence IS986/IS6110 was used to specifically detect DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria; in the second, conserved sequences of the mycobacterial groEL gene were used to detect DNA from mycobacteria other than M tuberculosis [31].
• Amplification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA by polymerase chain reaction allows rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis, and "DNA fingerprinting" of individual M. tuberculosis strains allows delineation of patterns of tuberculosis transmission [32].
• Clarithromycin therapy for bacteremic Mycobacterium avium complex disease. A randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study in patients with AIDS. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 157 Study Team [33].

References