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MeSH Review:

Macular Degeneration

Chiou, G.C. et al., Hillenkamp, J. et al., Owsley, C. et al., Dachtler, M. et al., Gollapalli, D.R. et al., et al.

Young, Ronan, Alvear, Wildenberg, Oetting, Atwood, Wilkin, King, Grünweller, Hartmann, Owsley, McGwin, Jackson, Heimburger, Piyathilake, Klein, White, Kallies, Chiou, Xuan, Liu, Yamasaki, Okawara, Hageman, Anderson, Johnson, Hancox, Taiber, Hardisty, Hageman, Stockman, Borchardt, Gehrs, Smith, Silvestri, Russell, Klaver, Barbazetto, Chang, Yannuzzi, Barile, Merriam, Smith, Olsh, Bergeron, Zernant, Merriam, Gold, Dean, Allikmets, Petrukhin, Koisti, Bakall, Li, Xie, Marknell, Sandgren, Forsman, Holmgren, Andreasson, Vujic, Bergen, McGarty-Dugan, Figueroa, Austin, Metzker, Caskey, Wadelius, Baghdasarian, Jneid, Hoogwerf, Ambati, Anand, Fernandez, Sakurai, Lynn, Kuziel, Rollins, Ambati, Ramage, Metheringham, Conn, Spendlove, Moss, Patton, Murray, Rees, Durrant, Hillenkamp, Hussain, Jackson, Constable, Cunningham, Marshall, Shu, Tulloch, Lennon, Vlachantoni, Zhou, Hayward, Wright, Grimm, Wenzel, Hafezi, Yu, Redmond, Remé, Bernstein, Leppert, Singh, Dean, Lewis, Lupski, Allikmets, Seddon, Sieving, Chaudhry, Kondo, Provenzano, Wu, Carlson, Bush, Thompson,

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Disease relevance of Macular Degeneration

RhoB may offer a therapeutic target in diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration, where the disruption of sprouting angiogenesis would be desirable [1].
Cell transplantation is one way of limiting the progress of retinal degeneration in animal models of blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [2].
Vitelliform macular dystrophy (Best disease) is an autosomal dominant macular dystrophy which shares important clinical features with age-related macular degeneration, the most common cause of legal blindness in the elderly [3].
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common eye disorder worldwide. "Pathologic" high myopia, or myopia of <=-6.00 diopters, predisposes individuals to retinal detachment, macular degeneration, cataract, or glaucoma [4].
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been strongly implicated in the development of choroidal neovascularization found in age-related macular degeneration [5].

Psychiatry related information on Macular Degeneration

Search terms included statin, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, aortic stenosis, Alzheimer's dementia, osteoporosis, prevention of diabetis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic nephropathy, and nondiabetic nephropathy [6].
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is known to trigger induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to persistently mass produce nitric oxide (NO) to induce various diseases such as cancer, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease and eye diseases, including uveitis, retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and myopia [7].

High impact information on Macular Degeneration

Variation in factor B (BF) and complement component 2 (C2) genes is associated with age-related macular degeneration [8].
Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3, MIM 600110) and autosomal dominant macular dystrophy (adMD) are inherited forms of macular degeneration characterized by decreased visual acuity, macular atrophy and extensive fundus flecks [9].
Heterozygosity for ABCA4 mutations may also represent a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), although this idea is controversial [10].
Major human diseases that affect vision, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and some forms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), may be promoted by light [11].
Best macular dystrophy (BMD), also known as vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD2; OMIM 153700), is an autosomal dominant form of macular degeneration characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin within and beneath the retinal pigment epithelium cells [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Macular Degeneration

Treatment with isotretinoin inhibits lipofuscin accumulation in a mouse model of recessive Stargardt's macular degeneration [13].
Finally, certain forms of retinal and macular degeneration are caused by the accumulation of vitamin A-based retinotoxic products, called the retinyl pigment epithelium-lipofuscin [14].
The product of retinal isomerization is all-E-retinal, which in the eye is a biosynthetic precursor to N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine, a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration [15].
Isotretinoin was also found to protect rat photoreceptors from light-induced damage, suggesting that strategies of altering retinoid cycling may have therapeutic implications for some forms of retinal and macular degeneration [16].
The specific binding of retinoic acid to RPE65 and approaches to the treatment of macular degeneration [14].

Biological context of Macular Degeneration

A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration [17].
Oxidative stress is suggested to occur in retinal tissue during age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy and is suspected in the mechanism of VEGF expression in these diseases [18].
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of growth factors controls pathological angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability in important eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [19].
Some families exhibited concordance of ABCR alleles with macular degeneration phenotype, but others did not [20].
PURPOSE: To examine the effect of a short course of high-dose retinol (preformed vitamin A) on dark adaptation in older adults with normal retinal health or early age-related maculopathy (ARM) [21].

Anatomical context of Macular Degeneration

METHODS: Surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVMs) were obtained at vitrectomy from five eyes with age-related macular degeneration, three eyes with idiopathic neovascular maculopathy, and two eyes had degenerative myopia and two eyes had angioid streaks [22].
Processes that increase the resistance to diffusion across Bruch's membrane such as human ageing and increased thickening and deposition of debris associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are likely to affect transport across the RPE, culminating in a secondary retinal taurine deficiency [23].
Particularly, the analysis of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers is of great importance, as these are the main constituents of the macula lutea, the central part of the human retina, and act as possible agents in the prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [24].
Human macular RPE showed uneven labeling, but densely labeled cells did not correlate with sites of basal linear deposits, ECM though to be basement membrane material, and a hallmark of age-related maculopathy [25].
Tie-2 stabilises pericyte-endothelial interactions during angiogenesis and is highly expressed on endothelium during several diseases, including arthritis, age-related macular degeneration and cancer [26].

Gene context of Macular Degeneration

VEGF inhibition is also being tested as a strategy for the prevention of angiogenesis, vascular leakage and visual loss in age-related macular degeneration [27].
An animal model of age-related macular degeneration in senescent Ccl-2- or Ccr-2-deficient mice [28].
Aberrant accumulation of EFEMP1 underlies drusen formation in Malattia Leventinese and age-related macular degeneration [29].
Disease mechanisms in late-onset retinal macular degeneration associated with mutation in C1QTNF5 [30].
Protein truncation mutations in ELOVL4 have been identified in patients with autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular degeneration [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Macular Degeneration

First clinical trials, using siRNAs directed against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or one of its receptors, have been initiated recently for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration [32].
Stages of RPE morphology and pigmentation were assessed by the Alabama Age-Related Macular Degeneration Grading System. Vimentin, alphaSMA, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was detected by indirect immunofluorescence [33].
Agreement among ophthalmologists in evaluating fluorescein angiograms in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration for photodynamic therapy eligibility (FLAP-study) [34].
To determine the growth rate of subretinal neovascularization (SRNV) in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), 35 pairs of serial fluorescein angiograms from 30 consecutive patients with SRNV who had not been treated with laser photocoagulation were analyzed [35].
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is inversely associated with the accumulation of lutein + zeaxanthin in the macula, but higher lutein intakes are inconsistently related to reduced risk of ARMD in epidemiologic studies [36].

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