Disease relevance of Brachiocephalic Veins

• In patients with normal heart size (cardiothoracic ratio < or = 0.55), the improvement in defibrillation threshold with the proximal electrode in the innominate vein position was more significant than in patients with an enlarged heart (innominate vein 13.0 +/- 6.5 J vs. superior vena cava 17.9 +/- 5.1 J, p < 0.01) [1].
• A case of true venous aneurysm with saccular dilation of the proximal half of the superior vena cava, the right innominate vein, and the distal two thirds of the left innominate vein in an 18-year-old white woman is presented [2].
• A newborn girl with a retroaortic innominate vein, coarctation of the aorta, ventricular septal defect, and subaortic stenosis underwent a complete repair at 8 days of age [3].
• The evaluation, surgical repair, and follow-up are described in an asymptomatic 27-year-old man with unilateral total anomalous pulmonary venous return from the left lung through an innominate vein and a patent foramen ovale [4].
• We present the case of a 49-year-old man with right upper lobe adenocarcinoma invading the right brachiocephalic vein and the origin of the superior vena cava [5].

High impact information on Brachiocephalic Veins

• We describe an alternative operative approach in a group of patients who had superior vena cava syndrome after the Mustard procedure: anastomosis of the innominate vein to the left atrial appendage [6].
• Persistent left superior vena cava. Use of an innominate vein between left and right superior caval veins for the placement of a right ventricular lead during ICD/CRT implantation [7].
• The remaining 2 patients required conversion to sternotomy, the one for insufficient sternal lifting with vascular tape and the other for invasion of a thymoma to the innominate vein [8].
• Therapy included high-dose amphotericin B, serial wound debridements pending bone marrow recovery, and definitive resection of the infected chest wall and thrombosed internal jugular, subclavian, and innominate veins [9].
• Catheter tips positioned in the brachiocephalic vein or in the cranial part of the superior vena cava were associated with a high risk of thrombosis [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Brachiocephalic Veins

• The tips of the catheters were placed in the innominate vein to avoid reinfusion of citrate into the right atrium and the resulting tendency to cardiac arrhythmias [11].

Anatomical context of Brachiocephalic Veins

• A composite superior vena cava was reconstructed on the right side from the recipient translocated superior vena cava, donor superior vena cava and innominate vein, and recipient in situ pericardium [12].
• After excision of the invasive thymoma with partial resections of pericardium, left lung, brachiocephalic vein, and left phrenic nerve, the ulcerative colitis was cured [13].
• An unusual case of congenital systemic arteriovenous fistula arising from the descending aorta and draining separately into the superior vena cava, the azygos vein, and the innominate vein is reported [14].
• A chamber around the aortic graft was created by suturing a patch of pericardium to the right ventricular wall inferiorly, to the pulmonary artery medially, to the Teflon felt at the distal aortic anastomosis or innominate vein superiorly, and to the superior vena cava and right atrium laterally [15].
• Abdominal CT findings when the superior vena cava, brachiocephalic vein, or subclavian vein is obstructed [16].

Associations of Brachiocephalic Veins with chemical compounds

• Because of its ability to image in a coronal plane, MRI scanning is another nonivasive study that we have found useful for evaluation of venous anatomy and patency of the subclavian, jugular, and innominate veins [17].
• Acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-10)-10(-6) M) caused marked endothelium-dependent relaxations in the external jugular vein, superior vena cava, brachiocephalic vein, segment A (supradiaphragmatic portion) and D (infrarenal portion) of the inferior vena cava [18].
• The response to HgCl2 resulted in the highest stimulation of the DNA synthesis in cells from the thymic and the brachiocephalic veins, though the differences were not significant [19].
• Two cases of disinsertion of the left innominate vein from the superior vena cava (S.V.C.) during primary median sternotomy have been encountered during the past 6 years [20].

Gene context of Brachiocephalic Veins

• At surgery, the upper half of the sternum was incised in the midline, and the left brachiocephalic vein was ligated [21].
• An arteriogram revealed a false aneurysm from the LIMA, 6 mm in-diameter, with formation of an AVF between the LIMA and the left innominate vein [22].
• We encountered a 26-year-old woman with papillary thyroid cancer and a tumor thrombus extending from the brachiocephalic vein to the superior vena cava [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Brachiocephalic Veins

• In 12 patients with invasion of the superior vena cava or innominate vein, we performed angioplasty, reconstruction, or both [24].
• METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients with a transvenous defibrillator lead underwent bilateral contrast venography of the cephalic, axillary, subclavian, and brachiocephalic veins as well as the superior vena cava before an elective defibrillator battery replacement [25].
• Cardiopulmonary bypass may be necessary when the innominate veins or the superior vena cava is involved [26].
• Stent dilation of superior vena cava and innominate vein obstructions permits transvenous pacing lead implantation [27].
• The anomalous course of the brachiocephalic vein from the neck to the junction of the superior vena cava was shown by cross sectional echocardiography [28].

References