Disease relevance of Schizophyllan

• Female C3H mice aged 8-10 weeks with transplanted KHT sarcoma or SCCVII tumor were used to investigate the antitumor effect of SPG (Sonifilan, Schizophyllan) alone and in combination with local irradiation of pions with 4 fractions of 400 cGy (total 1600 cGy) [1].
• Subsequently, we made a complex from PEG-appended schizophyllan and an AS ODN sequence, and carried out an in vitro antisense assay, administrating the AS ODN complex to depress A375 c-myb mRNA of A375 melanoma cell lines [2].
• On the other hand, schizophyllan did not influence interferon production in mice whether or not infected with Sendai virus [3].
• Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCCVII) bearing mice with the immunostimulant schizophyllan (SPG) raised the relative content of Mac-1 positive host cells infiltrating the tumor and increased photofrin retention in these tumors [4].
• Combination treatment with cisplatin and schizophyllan for 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat ovarian adenocarcinoma [5].

High impact information on Schizophyllan

• Three antitumor mushroom polysaccharides, i.e. lentinan, schizophyllan and protein-bound polysaccharide (PSK, Krestin), isolated respectively, from Lentinus edodes, Schizophyllum commune and Coriolus versicolor, have become large market items in Japan. Lentinan and schizophyllan are pure beta-glucans, whereas PSK is a protein-bound beta-glucan [6].
• HEK293 cells transfected with mouse dectin 1 cDNA could bind to a gel-forming (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan, schizophyllan (SPG) [7].
• We here demonstrate the creation of novel poly(aniline) (PANI) nanofiber structures by a polymer wrapping method using schizophyllan (SPG) [8].
• It was confirmed that their in vitro transfection efficiencies are superior to that of polyethylenimine by adjusting the molecular weight and the degree of amination of cationic schizophyllan [9].
• Furthermore, using cationic schizophyllan carriers, it was also possible to express a reporter protein for a long period of time due to a long residence time of plasmid DNA in cells [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Schizophyllan

• When treated with fungal polysaccharide schizophyllan, mice survived otherwise lethal Sendai virus infection [3].

Biological context of Schizophyllan

• Combining oxidation with periodate and reductive amination, the amino group is introduced only in the side chain of schizophyllan and the product can bind to poly(C) with a higher dissociation temperature than that of the unmodified schizophyllan and poly(C) complex [10].
• A schizophyllan (beta-1,3-glucan) derivative carrying lactose-appendages prepared by reductive amination can form stable macromolecular complexes with polynucleotides, shows excellent affinity with a lactose-binding lectin, and effectively mediates gene transfection into hepatocytes [11].
• Protection of polynucleotides against nuclease-mediated hydrolysis by complexation with schizophyllan [12].
• The present results suggest that schizophyllan confers better protection against virus infection through augmentation of antiviral immune responses and can be used as an immune enhancer [3].
• The resulting folate-appended schizophyllan can form stable complex with poly(dA), show specific affinity toward folate binding protein, and mediate effective antisense activity in cancer cells [13].

Anatomical context of Schizophyllan

• Schizophyllan (SPG)-treated macrophages and anti-tumor activities against syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells. I. Characteristics of SPG-treated macrophages [14].
• The correlation between adhesion of schizophyllan to yeast glucan and its effect on regeneration of yeast protoplast [15].
• The effect of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans, carboxymethylglucan and schizophyllan on human leukocytes in vitro [16].
• Schizophyllan augments development of immunoglobulin-secreting cells upon costimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I [17].
• The effects of human platelets on interleukin (IL)-8 production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) stimulated with the fungal (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan schizophyllan (SPG) were examined using ELISA [18].

Associations of Schizophyllan with other chemical compounds

• Effects of an anti-tumor polysaccharide, schizophyllan, on interferon-gamma and interleukin 2 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells [19].
• Although schizophyllan lost the side-chain glucose groups, it still kept the protection effect of the bound poly(C) chain against RNaseA-mediated hydrolysis as observed for unmodified schizophyllan [20].
• Under conditions of pH about 5.7, 1 mmol.L(-1) NaCl, and room temperature (22+/-0.5 degrees C), the particles are strongly charged (alumina particles positively charged, latex negatively), while Schizophyllan is neutral [21].
• Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and static light scattering (SLS) were used to characterize hematite particles, schizophyllan chains, and their flocs, to follow the time evolution of floc sizes, and to determine floc fractal dimensions [22].
• Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and size exclusion chromatography were used to demonstrate that the conformations of the polysaccharides schizophyllan, polygalacturonic acid (PGUA), succinoglycan, and several dextrans were maintained following the labeling procedure [23].

Gene context of Schizophyllan

• When the levels of IFN-gamma and IL 2 in the culture medium of phytohemagglutin (PHA)- or concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated PBMC were measured by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively, a significant increase in the production of both cytokines by schizophyllan was demonstrated [19].
• Application of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: A Study of Flocculation of Rigid Rod-like Biopolymer (Schizophyllan) and Colloidal Particles [21].
• The assessment of the cytotoxicity for A375:human malignant melanoma, and HL60:human promyelocytic leukemia revealed that the modified schizophyllan scarcely increases the cytotoxicity [20].
• Schizophyllan (SPG) with a molecular weight of 2.6x10(6), designated SPG-1, is denatured and then renatured at a concentration of 1.8 wt % by alkalization-neutralization [24].
• Yeast mannan and beta-1,3-glucan, random coiled conformer, inhibited the uptake of live and heat-killed M. furfur by THP-1, though dextran T-250, that is alpha-glucan, and schizophyllan (SPG), triple helix conformer of beta-glucan, did not [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Schizophyllan

• Herein, we employed size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering and differential viscometry to compare and contrast structural properties of the biological response modifiers Krestin, schizophyllan and glucan phosphate [26].
• Both intraperitoneal and oral administrations were effective when sonicated schizophyllan with a relative molecular mass (M(r)) of 4.6 x 10(5) was used [3].
• Topological features of the polysaccharides schizophyllan, l-carrageenan and gellan gum were studied using electron microscopy [27].
• Potentiation of photodynamic therapy by immunotherapy: the effect of schizophyllan (SPG) [4].
• Comparison of the carbohydrate biological response modifiers Krestin, schizophyllan and glucan phosphate by aqueous size exclusion chromatography with in-line argon-ion multi-angle laser light scattering photometry and differential viscometry detectors [26].

References