Disease relevance of D-galaturonate

• Here we demonstrate the ability of the Yersinia enterocolitica example, here called YeCBM32, to bind polygalacturonic acid containing components of pectin [1].
• Location and characteristics of enzymes involved in the breakdown of polygalacturonic acid by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron [2].
• Polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase in the osmotic shock fluid of Erwinia rubrifaciens: characterization of the purified enzyme and its effect on plant cells [3].
• Enzymatic degradation of polygalacturonic acid by Yersinia and Klebsiella species in relation to clinical laboratory procedures [4].
• It has been shown that particles of Vi bacteriophage III catalyse deacetylation of O-acetyl pectic (polygalacturonic) acid, a structural analogue of Vi polysaccharide (Vi antigen) [5].

High impact information on D-galaturonate

• One of the MAPK-regulated genes is PGU1, which encodes a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes polygalacturonic acid, a structural barrier to microbial invasion present in the natural plant substrate of S. cerevisiae [6].
• PGA-enhanced phosphorylation of pp34 is at one or more threonine residue(s) and therefore is the product of a serine/threonine kinase. alpha-1,4-L-Polyguluronic acid (PGU) enhances thiophosphorylation of pp34, but is less effective than PGA. beta-1,4-D-Polymannuronic acid (PMA) is inactive [7].
• In vivo synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in tomato leaves in response to PGA, PGU, and PMA parallels enhancing activities in in vitro phosphorylation assays [7].
• The pH optimum of the enzyme was about 5.5 and the temperature optimum was in the range 35-45 degrees C. Analysis of the reaction products of polygalacturonic acid hydrolysis indicated that the PehA protein is an endopolygalacturonase [8].
• Identification and Characterization of a Novel Periplasmic Polygalacturonic Acid Binding Protein from Yersinia enterolitica [1].

Chemical compound and disease context of D-galaturonate

• Colonization of plant tissue by the phytopathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 is aided by the activities of the pectate lyase isozymes (PLs), which depolymerize the polygalacturonic acid component (PGA) of plant cell walls [9].
• Corynebacterium glutamicum CCTCC M201005 produces a novel polygalacturonic acid bioflocculant, REA-11, consisting of galacturonic acid as the main structural unit [10].

Biological context of D-galaturonate

• Highest activity (422 units/mg, with a K(m) of 0.06 mM) was demonstrated on polygalacturonic acid (PGA), whereas pectins with an increasing degree of methylation were degraded at a decreasing rate [11].
• Recombinant PGA and PGB were characterized with respect to pH optimum, activity on polygalacturonic acid, and mode of action and kinetics on oligogalacturonates of different chain length (n=3-7) [12].
• The rates of PL induction and cell growth in a medium containing polygalacturonic acid as the sole carbon source were not significantly reduced in the mutant [13].
• The outC-through-outM operon is weakly induced by polygalacturonic acid and strongly expressed in the early stationary phase [14].
• PL was active on polygalacturonic acid and esterified pectin, but the affinity showed a maximum for intermediate esterified pectins and decreased over a value of 50% of esterification [15].

Anatomical context of D-galaturonate

• Monoclonal antibodies to epitopes occurring in homo- galacturonan and side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I have been used in an immunolocalization study of cell wall architecture of developing pea cotyledons [16].
• No or very little galacturonan was found in cecum, colon or feces of most of the conventional rats [17].
• There were several polypeptides in the outer membranes of bacteria grown on polysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate, arabinogalactan, or polygalacturonic acid) which were not detected or were not as prominent in outer membranes of bacteria grown on monosaccharide components of these polysaccharides [18].
• A minor xyloglucan fraction, which may correspond to cross-links between microfibrils, shared a lower level of rigidity with some of the pectic galacturonan [19].
• Electrophoretic mobility of both cell lines treated with this sulfated polygalacturonic acid increased the negative charge of the cell surface [20].

Associations of D-galaturonate with other chemical compounds

• Galacturonic acid (GalUA) is a major component of pectin and polygalacturonic acid in the plant cell wall [21].
• In this study, the adsorption of polyamines onto isolated carrot cell walls and onto pure polygalacturonic acid was investigated in the presence of competing mono- and divalent cations (Na+ and Ca2+) [22].
• A nuclear AmyB gene from sweet potato encoding beta-amylase (beta Amy) that is abundant in tuberous roots and inducible in other organs by an exogenous supply of sucrose or polygalacturonic acid, was isolated and characterized [23].
• Putrescine (Put2+) was unable to remove all the calcium (Ca2+) from cell walls or from polygalacturonic acid [22].
• These results, performed on polygalacturonic acid, were apparently consistent with data obtained from studies with soybean hypocotyl segments, in which PGb activity was increased by oxalate and PGa maintained its activity also at pH 3.6, possibly because at this pH the PGIP contained in the plant tissue is inactive [24].

Gene context of D-galaturonate

• PPase SX1 produced by a S. cerevisiae transformant harboring the PSX1 gene degraded methoxylated polygalacturonic acid as a substrate, but not degraded unmethoxylated polygalacturonic acid [25].
• During zygotic embryogenesis of turnip-tops (Brassica rapa L. cv. Rapa), the polygalacturonase activity (PG; EC 3.2.1.15), measured as a decrease in viscosity of polygalacturonic acid, reached a high when the desiccation process in the seeded silique was triggered and the valves had lost more than 70-75% of their moisture (45-50 DPA) [26].
• Furthermore, the activities of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (R2=0.97), UDP-galactose epimerase (R2=0.75) and UDP-galactose dehydrogenase (R2=0.89) were well correlated with the yields of polygalacturonic acid when different sugars were used as sole carbon sources [10].
• The presence of galacturonan on the surface of TMP and CTMP was further confirmed by immunogold localization [27].
• The hydrophilic vehicles (hydrogels) based on synthetic polymers (polyacrylates, PEG, PVA, Pluronics, etc.), semisynthetic polymers (cellulose derivatives) and natural polymers (hyaluronic and polygalacturonic acid, alginates, etc.) are then examined [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of D-galaturonate

• These results were obtained by performing serological tests with antigen Vi, with its structural analog, polygalacturonic acid, and with the derivatives of both polysaccharides [29].
• Site-directed-mutagenesis studies were performed on family 1 pectin lyase A (PL1A) from Aspergillus niger to gain insight into the reaction mechanism for the pectin lyase-catalysed beta-elimination cleavage of methylesterified polygalacturonic acid and to stabilize the enzyme at slightly basic pH [30].
• Oligogalacturonates formed from polygalacturonic acid during reactions catalyzed by each enzyme have been determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis [31].
• Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), we show that peptide WAK(67-254) binds to polygalacturonic acid (PGA), oligogalacturonides, pectins extracted from A. thaliana cell walls and to structurally related alginates [32].
• The use of high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) as a molecular weight screening technique for polygalacturonic acid for use in pharmaceutical applications [33].

References