Disease relevance of Richter

• These B-cell cancers include large B-cell lymphoma (the Richter syndrome), prolymphocytic transformation, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and multiple myeloma [1].
• Forty-eight patients were treated and were assessable for response (32 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL], 9 with CLL/prolymphocytic leukemia [PLL], 1 with PLL, 4 with mantle cell leukemia/lymphoma, 2 with Richter transformation) [2].
• We previously purified and characterized functionally the Escherichia coli-expressed product of the human subgroup C adenovirus E1A 13S mRNA (B. Ferguson, N. Jones, J. Richter, and M. Rosenberg, Science 224:1343-1346, 1984; B. Krippl, B. Ferguson, M. Rosenberg, and H. Westphal, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6988-6992, 1984) [3].
• In the recently published crystal structure of Thermus aquaticus core RNA polymerase (Zhang, G., Campbell, E. A., Minakhin, L., Richter, C., Severinov, K. , and Darst, S. A. (1999) Cell 98, 811-824), the region homologous to beta'(260-309) of Escherichia coli forms a coiled coil [4].
• The first scientific description of this particular hernia was given by August Gottlob Richter in 1778, who presented it as "the small rupture." In 1887, Sir Frederick Treves gave an excellent overview on the topic and proposed the title "Richter's hernia." To his work-a cornerstone to modern understanding-hardly any new aspects can be added today [5].

Psychiatry related information on Richter

• Three months after the devastating Chi-Chi earthquake (magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale) struck the central area of Taiwan, 663 victims were screened for psychiatric morbidity at a local general hospital in a community mental health program [6].
• The acute effects of earthquake-related psychological stress on total and cardiac mortality were investigated using mortality data from the city of Thessaloniki (Greece) which was hit on 19 and 20 June 1978, by two strong earthquakes, measuring 5.2 and 6.4 degrees on the Richter scale, respectively [7].

High impact information on Richter

• In 1948 the German physicist, Manfred Richter, reported that colour vision has a seasonal variation [8].
• The high leukemic C58 inbred line of mice originated in a similar, unexplained manner [MacDowell, E.C. & Richter, M.N. (1935) Arch. Pathol. 20, 709-724] [9].
• Finally, CD38 signaling in IL-2-treated B-CLL cells prolonged survival and induced the appearance of plasmablasts, providing a pathogenetic hypothesis for the occurrence of Richter syndrome [10].
• Polysomal recruitment of at least one of these mRNAs, G10, is regulated by cytoplasmic poly(A) elongation which, in turn, is dependent upon the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) UUUUUUAUAAAG and the hexanucleotide AAUAAA (L. L. McGrew, E. Dworkin-Rastl, M. B. Dworkin, and J. D. Richter, Genes Dev. 3:803-815, 1989) [11].
• Recently the existence of a mitochondrial NOS (mtNOS), its Ca(2+) dependence, and its relevance for mitochondrial bioenergetics was reported (Ghafourifar, P., and Richter, C. (1997) FEBS Lett. 418, 291-296; Giulivi, C., Poderoso, J. J., and Boveris, A. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 11038-11043) [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Richter

• The clinical effect of subcutaneous heparin-Ca of delayed action (Heparin Calcium inj. 25,000 IU/ml, Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter) has been examined in 26 acute and 6 imminent myocardial infarction patients [13].
• A total of 29 peafowl (Pavo cristatus), rectified surgically for infraorbital abscesses (n = 22), lacerated wounds (n = 4), and fractures of tibia (n = 2) and radius (n = 1), were anaesthetized by the intravenous administration of ketamine hydrochloride (Inj. Calypsol, Gedeon Richter, Hungary) in a dose of 15 20 mg/kg body weight [14].
• Concomitant Epstein-Barr virus-negative large B-cell lymphoma (Richter syndrome) and Epstein-Barr virus- positive B-cell lymphoproliferation after treatment with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in a patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia [15].

Biological context of Richter

• Contraction-induced translocation of protein kinase C (Richter E.A., Cleland, P.J.F., Rattigan, S., and Clark, M.G. (1987) FEBS Lett. 217, 232-236) implies a role for this enzyme in muscle contraction or the associated metabolic adjustments [16].
• We extended the results of Ruckdeschel et al. and found that on the basis of the presence or absence of arginine-143 of YopP (K. Ruckdeschel, K. Richter, O. Mannel, and J. Heesemann, Infect. Immun. 69:7652-7662, 2001) all the Y. enterocolitica strains used fell into two groups, which correlate with the low- and high-virulence phenotypes [17].
• Fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments indicated that Cys63 is 42 A away from the nucleotide binding site on the beta polypeptide, confirming a previous measurement [(Colvert, K.K., Mills, D.A., Richter, M.L. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 3930-3935] [18].
• Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in diploid wheat, Triticum speltoides L. (Tausch) Gren. ex Richter (Gramineae) [19].
• It inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, detaches proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria, and induces apoptosis in mammalian retinal pigment epithelial cells (M. Suter, C. E. Remé, C. Grimm, A. Wenzel, M. Jäättela, P. Esser, N. Kociok, M. Leist, and C. Richter, 2000, J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39625-39630) [20].

Anatomical context of Richter

• These results further support the proposal of the formation of monomolecular complexes between cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in liposomal membranes (Gut, J., Richter, C., Cherry, R.J., Winterhalter, K.H., and Kawato, S [21].
• This case illustrates that transformation or Richter syndrome may occur in a minority of patients with T-cell LGL leukaemia, a disease that has a benign clinical course in most cases [22].
• Spreading depression (SD) can be elicited in the brainstem of rats younger than 13 days when excitability is enhanced by acetate superfusion [F. Richter, S. Rupprecht, A. Lehmenkühler, H.-G. Schaible, Spreading depression can be elicited in brain stem in immature but not adult rats, J. Neurophysiol. 90 (2003) 2163--2170] [23].
• Here the function of a subfamily of interspersed RNA (XR family; McGrew and Richter, 1989: Dev Biol 134:267-270) in Xenopus oocytes was studied [24].
• We have previously described the rat liver resealed nuclear envelope model system for the study of the selective import of nuclear proteins, and the export of poly(A)-containing mRNA [Riedel, N., Bachmann, M., Richter, H. & Fasold, H. (1987) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 3540-3544] [25].

Associations of Richter with other chemical compounds

• Arginine vasopressin messenger RNA is axonally transported in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system [for review see Mohr et al. (1993) In Vasopressin (eds Gross P., Richter D. and Robertson C. L.), pp. 119-129, John Libbey Eurotext] [26].
• 1996 Curt P. Richter Award. Effects of viral infection on corticosterone secretion and glucocorticoid receptor binding in immune tissues [27].
• We have recently shown that eccentric contractions (Ecc) of rat calf muscles cause muscle damage and decreased glycogen and glucose transporter GLUT-4 protein content in the white (WG) and red gastrocnemius (RG) but not in the soleus (S) (S. Asp, S. Kristiansen, and E. A. Richter. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 1338-1345, 1995) [28].
• Richter and others also studied a small number of patients on maximal therapy and found further intraocular pressure reduction with added timolol [29].
• Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy in Richter syndrome [30].

Gene context of Richter

• The structure of the precursors for Ala-deltorphins was recently deduced from cloned cDNAs derived from skin of Phyllomedusa bicolor (Richter et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4836-4839) [31].
• Further analysis of the data showed that the angle between the heme plane of P-450MC and the membrane is 48 degrees or 62 degrees, different from the value of 55 degrees reported previously for P-450PB (Gut, J., Richter, C., Cherry, R. J., Winterhalter, K. H., and Kawato, S. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8588-8594) [32].
• Lipophilic chelates of divalent copper, possessing superoxide dismutase-like activity, have been proposed to enhance the decay of oxycytochrome P-450 to explain their inhibitory effect on microsomal mixed-function oxidation reactions (Richter, C., Azzi, A., Weser, U., and Wendel, A. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5061-5066) [33].
• We have previously characterized in Xenopus a nervous system specific gene, nrp1, that is more similar to the hnRNP A/B proteins than to other known proteins (K. Richter, P. J. Good, and I. B. Dawid (1990), New Biol. 2, 556-565) [34].
• Based on the presence of this element, we predicted in a previous report that activin receptor mRNA expression in embryos might be regulated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation (Simon and Richter, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 7867-7875, 1994) [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Richter

• METHODS: The study involved 124 elderly hypertensive outpatients from two clinics near the epicenter of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake (7.2 on the Richter scale) for whom ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and assessment of end-organ damage had been performed before the earthquake [36].
• 1998 Curt P. Richter Award. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cognitive function in elderly women [37].
• Laparotomy showed that a Richter hernia had occurred in the third right sacral foramen [38].
• Herniation of small bowel through a fascial defect (Richter hernia) created at laparoscopy is a rare complication, but it occurred in a 54-year-old woman after a laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy [39].
• RGH-1756 (1-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-4-(4-[4-(6-imidazo[2,1-b]-thiazolyl)-phenoxy]-butyl)-piperazine dimethansulphonate) is a novel atypical antipsychotic candidate of Gedeon Richter Ltd. A new HPLC method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of RGH-1756 in dog and rat plasma [40].

References