Disease relevance of Chlorbutol

• Hypersensitivity to chlorobutanol in DDAVP solution [1].
• With the exception of chlorobutanol, all of these additives are capable of inducing bronchospasm in a concentration-dependent manner [2].
• Therefore, chlorobutanol added as a preservative to the commercial synthetic oxytocin solution may contribute to hypotension observed in patients after an intravenous bolus injection [3].
• However, with continued exposure to high-dose chlorobutanol, significant toxicity may occur [4].
• Anaphylactic shock from chlorobutanol-preserved oxytocin [5].

High impact information on Chlorbutol

• Sharp fall in blood pressure after injection of heparin containing chlorbutol [6].
• Methadone and chlorobutanol independently block IHERG in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 20 +/- 2 microM and 4.4 +/- 0.3 mM, respectively [7].
• We show here that chlorobutanol is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and release [8].
• This antiplatelet effect of chlorobutanol suggests that desmopressin, when administered for improving hemostasis, should not contain chlorobutanol as a preservative [8].
• 3. An oscillatory fluctuation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]c, induced by 5 pM CCK-8 or 0.3 microM carbachol was totally abolished in the presence of 1 mg ml-1 chlorobutanol [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Chlorbutol

• 1. Chlorbutol, a muscle relaxant, inhibits the in vitro muscle hypercontractility which is characteristic of the anaesthetic complication, malignant hyperpyrexia (MH) [10].
• It is unclear whether this toxicity is caused by papaverine or chlorobutanol, and its use in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm should be reserved for cases without alternatives [11].

Biological context of Chlorbutol

• After inhalation of 2.5 mg.ml-1 chlorbutol one subject experienced a fall in FEV1 greater than 20% [12].
• The properties of the axonal membrane appear not to be altered, as chlorobutanol did not change the shape of action potentials [13].
• Implications: We obtained specimens of heart tissue from patients undergoing cardiac surgery and conducted a laboratory study of the effects of oxytocin and its preservative (chlorobutanol) on these tissue samples [3].
• Xenopus tadpoles were introduced into anesthetic (chlorbutanol) solutions during a developmental period in which naturally occurring loss of lumbar spinal motor neurons takes place [14].
• At the highest usable levels of light adaptation, the latencies of receptor potentials from cells exposed only to sea water containing chlorobutanol were virtually identical [15].

Anatomical context of Chlorbutol

• The effects of the preservative chlorobutanol on primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles isolated from the tenuissimus muscle of the cat were investigated in this study [13].
• Interaction of light and chlorobutanol on Limulus ventral photoreceptor potential latency [15].
• Chlorobutanol does not alter the sodium permeability of the receptor cell membrane but it may increase the rate of the process or processes occurring during the latent period of the receptor potential [16].
• The distribution of surface areas of the squamous cells in the treated eyes was shifted to slightly larger values than in the controls after use of the chlorobutanol-containing product but the number of epithelial cell craters/cell was unchanged from that of the controls [17].
• The results confirm the lack of gross cytotoxic effect of chlorobutanol-preserved artificial tears and indicate that the corneal epithelium can adapt to the use of a polymer-containing artificial tear [18].

Associations of Chlorbutol with other chemical compounds

• In the remaining eight subjects, inhalation of chlorbutol did not affect airway calibre [12].
• Oxytocin (10 mi.u./microliter/h) or vehicle (0.5% chlorobutanol in saline, 1 microliter/h) was chronically infused directly into the corpus luteum of normally cyclic rhesus monkeys, by means of an Alzet pump-ovarian cannula system [19].
• Acute effects of chlorobutanol- or benzalkonium chloride-containing artificial tears on the surface features of rabbit corneal epithelial cells [17].
• Eight weeks after the beginning of treatment the corneal epithelial permeability of patients treated with polyvinyl alcohol 1.4% + chlorobutanol 0.5%, as well as of those treated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone 2% without preservative, was reduced significantly (-44.9% and -43.4%, respectively; P less than 0.001) [20].
• Sixty-six (43%), 47 (30%), and 42 (27%) newborns were exposed to chlorobutanol, phenol and neither excipient, respectively [21].

Gene context of Chlorbutol

• It is suggested that these concentrations of chlorbutanol and benzalkonium chloride did not affect the stability of the tear film lipid layer as indicated by an altered TER [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chlorbutol

• Estimation of chlorbutanol by electron capture gas chromatography [23].
• Analysis of chlorobutanol in ophthalmic ointments and aqueous solutions by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography [24].
• We conclude that chlorbutol, in the concentration present in Bricanyl nebulizer solution, has no clinically significant effect on airway calibre [12].
• I examined the epithelial surface, by high resolution scanning electron microscopy, after its recovery from the instillation of artificial tears containing chlorobutanol or benzalkonium chloride [17].
• Excised lateral eye retinular cells of Limulus polyphemus exposed to chlorobutanol were examined using microelectrode techniques [16].

References