Disease relevance of Nebulizers and Vaporizers

• INTERVENTIONS: Pentamidine isethionate, 600 mg by inhalation using a Respirgard II nebulizer (Marquest Medical Products, Inc., Englewood, Colorado) or 3 mg/kg body weight intravenously, administered once daily for 2 to 3 weeks [1].
• OBJECTIVES: To assess the serum and lower respiratory tract tobramycin concentrations (C(T)) produced by a single dose of tobramycin for inhalation delivered by a nebulizer and a compressor in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) 6 months to 6 years of age [2].
• Rotavirus SA11, suspended in tryptose phosphate broth with 2.5 mg of rhodamine B per ml, was aerosolized (Collison nebulizer) into a rotating drum, and the aerosols were held at 20 +/- 1 degree C with the desired relative humidity (RH) [3].
• Ninety three patients aged 45-77 yrs with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and using domiciliary nebulizers were recruited from a hospital database [4].
• These data can provide a basis for the selection of commercially available jet nebulizers for use with glucocorticoid liposome aerosols for treatment of asthma and other inflammatory lung diseases [5].

Psychiatry related information on Nebulizers and Vaporizers

• METHODS: Patients referred by their hospital doctor to the smoking cessation counsellor and who agreed to participate in the study were randomised to receive either NRT given as a nicotine patch daily and a nicotine inhalator on an as needed basis plus advice and support (AS+NRT), or to receive just advice and support (AS) [6].
• This report describes a precocious eight-year-old child who presented with hallucinations from excessive use of albuterol inhalers [7].

High impact information on Nebulizers and Vaporizers

• All the patients were treated with zidovudine and were randomly assigned to receive either 800 mg of sulfamethoxazole and 160 mg of trimethoprim once daily or 300 mg of aerosolized pentamidine administered every four weeks by jet nebulizer [8].
• INTERVENTION--Subjects were randomly allocated to nicotine inhalers (n = 145) or placebo (n = 141) to be used for 3 months followed by tapering for 3 months in the context of minimal levels of advice and support [9].
• CFC-free inhalers [10].
• Ipratropium bromide nebulizer therapy and airway submucosal gland secretion [11].
• Are steroid inhalers safer than tablet [12]?

Chemical compound and disease context of Nebulizers and Vaporizers

• Filters were attached to the four nebulizer systems, containing salbutamol, and 18 children with cystic fibrosis (3-16 yrs) inhaled through these devices [13].
• INTERVENTIONS: Standard therapies for acute bronchospasm, followed by either 1.5 mg atropine or 15 mg metaproterenol by nebulizer [14].
• The aim of the present study was to characterize amphotericin B aerosols nebulized by ultrasonic and jet nebulizers and to study their deposition and pharmacokinetics in patients with pulmonary mycetoma [15].
• Racemic epinephrine administered by nebulizer can quickly reverse airway obstruction in children with croup [16].
• She experienced the same symptoms and laryngospasm with repeated inhalations of albuterol and metaproterenol nebulizer solutions that contained edetate disodium [17].

Biological context of Nebulizers and Vaporizers

• There was an increase in forced expiratory volume in one second from pre-treatment to after nebulizer, 2.28 +/- 0.20 to 2.38 +/- 0.19 l (P < 0.05) with salbutamol, and 2.27 +/- 0.21 to 2.37 +/- 0.21 l (P < 0.05) with ipratropium bromide [18].
• In the healthy subjects mucociliary clearance increased by 51% when terbutaline was given by a dry powder inhaler, by 66% when given by a metered dose inhaler, and by 66% when given by both inhalers combined [19].
• Changes in tidal volume have minimal effect on the delivered concentration of halothane from either vaporizer but varying ambient temperature significantly affects the output of the Oxford Miniature Vaporizer [20].
• The study of in vitro-in vivo correlation: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of albuterol dry powder inhalers [21].
• The purpose of this study was to measure the absolute bioavailability and systemic absorption characteristics of tobramycin when administered in high doses by a nebulizer [22].

Anatomical context of Nebulizers and Vaporizers

• Sputum produced by deep coughing induced by 3% saline via a jet nebulizer was liquefied with dithiothreitol, and cells were sedimented and stained [23].
• Determination of lethium in microliter samples of blood serum using flame atomic emission spectrometry with a tantalum filament vaporizer [24].
• The neurons of the stellate ganglion were depolarized using preganglionic nerve stimulation, postganglionic nerve stimulation, and intracellular stimulation before ad after introduction of halothane (vaporizer settings of 0.75% and 1.5% produced bath concentrations of 8 and 18 mg/dl, respectively) [25].
• Purkinje fibers were then exposed to anesthetics at vaporizer settings of 0.75 or 1.5% (halothane), 1.75 or 3.5% (enflurane), and 1 or 2% (isoflurane), which were equivalent to measured superfusate concentrations of 0.22 or 0.47 mM (halothane), 0.44 or 0.94 mM (enflurane), and 0.28 or 0.53 mM (isoflurane) [26].
• RESULTS: With both nebulizers, the 14- and 21-min samples were lower in weight, neutrophils, eosinophils, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and interleukin (IL)-8 and higher in macrophages [27].

Associations of Nebulizers and Vaporizers with chemical compounds

• Combined therapy with salbutamol and beclomethasone inhalers in chronic asthma [28].
• Medication nebulizers and in-use bottles of albuterol harbored B. cepacia [29].
• INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to receive aerosol pentamidine, 60 mg per dose, or placebo, delivered using a hand-held, patient-triggered, ultrasonic nebulizer [30].
• Protein suspensions in ethanol of up to 9% (wt/vol) were readily aerosolized with a commercial compressor nebulizer [31].
• When a precision vaporizer is available, isoflurane is usually the agent of choice [32].

Gene context of Nebulizers and Vaporizers

• The influence of pressure swings on the output of Dräger Vapor, Dräger Vapor 19, Cyprane Fluotec Mark 2, Cyprane Fluotec Mark 3 and Ohio halothane vaporizers was investigated [33].
• Anaesthesia was maintained for 10 min with vaporizer setting isoflurane 2 vol% and FGF 4 l/min for full-tissue anaesthetic uptake in a semi-closed circle system [34].
• Effectiveness of four different inhalers in COPD [35].
• The association we observed between inhalers and the DRD4 polymorphism is difficult to interpret, although it is possible that the association is explained by different levels of novelty seeking between the two subgroups [36].
• We attempted to detect the presence of airborne SARS-coronavirus (CoV) in a healthcare setting when a patient with SARS used a humidifier or a large-volume nebulizer (LVN) [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Nebulizers and Vaporizers

• The validity of this conclusion was confirmed in five patients with previous diagnosis of halothane hepatitis who subsequently underwent operations under general anesthesia during which machines never equipped with vaporizers were successful in preventing recurrence of hepatitis [38].
• Albuterol delivery in a model of mechanical ventilation. Comparison of metered-dose inhaler and nebulizer efficiency [39].
• Multicenter study of bitolterol and isoproterenol nebulizer solutions in nonsteroid-using patients [40].
• A nebulizer was filled with 5 mg of albuterol in 4 mL of solution, driven with 8 L/min oxygen, and placed at either a proximal (ventilator outlet) or distal (between leak port and lung model connection) position [41].
• Isoflurane (in 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide) was added to buffer using a membrane oxygenator supplied by a calibrated vaporizer [42].

References