Disease relevance of Pyrrolidon

• Molecular characterization of pcp, the structural gene encoding the pyrrolidone carboxylyl peptidase from Streptococcus pyogenes [1].
• Mutational analysis of the active site of Pseudomonas fluorescens pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase [2].
• Isolation and characterization of pcp, a gene encoding a pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase in Staphylococcus aureus [3].
• Characterization of the pcp gene encoding the pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase of Bacillus subtilis [4].
• Serum pyrrolidone carboxypeptidase activity in N-methyl-nitrosourea induced rat breast cancer [5].

Psychiatry related information on Pyrrolidon

• Nefiracetam is a new pyrrolidone nootropic drug being developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's type and post-stroke vascular-type dementia [6].
• Changes in human brain function and mental performance under hypoxic hypoxidosis as well as after intravenous injection of aniracetam - a new potentially nootropic 2-pyrrolidinone derivative - were investigated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study utilizing computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG and psychometric tests [7].
• The pyrrolidone cyclic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative nefiracetam [DM-9384; N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide] has been shown to enhance acquisition and ameliorate amnesia in different learning tasks in rodents [8].

High impact information on Pyrrolidon

• T-cell response to polyvinyl pyrrolidone is linked to maturity of B cells [9].
• 2-Pyrrolidone levels in the lung hydrolysates from ec-sod null mice were increased at both 7 and 14 d post-bleomycin treatment as compared to wild-type mice, indicating EC-SOD can inhibit oxidative fragmentation of proteins in this specific model of oxidative stress [10].
• The unusually slow relaxation kinetics of the folding-unfolding of pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase from a hyperthermophile, Pyrococcus furiosus [11].
• AGE-induced iNOS expression was inhibited by treatment with a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor, pyrrolidone dithiocarbamate [12].
• The refolding rate of heat-denatured cysteine-free pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase (PCP-0SH) from Pyrococcus furiosus has been reported to be unusually slow under some conditions [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Pyrrolidon

• We previously described a decrease in both rat and human pyrrolidon carboxypeptidase activity with breast cancer, suggesting that gonadotropin-releasing hormone may be an important local intracrine, autocrine and/or paracrine hormonal factor in the pathogenesis of breast cancer while playing a role in the tumoral process [14].
• Thirty-five newborn foals were assigned to 1 of 3 groups and treated with 0.9% NaCl solution (saline; group 1; n = 12), oxytetracycline (44 mg/kg of body weight; group 2; n = 12), or 2-pyrrolidone (oxytetracycline vehicle; group 3; n = 11) in saline solution during the first 36 hours after birth [15].
• We propose that pyrrolidon carboxypeptidase activity dysregulation at various local and systemic levels may participate in the initiation, promotion and progression of breast cancer induced in rat by N-methyl nitrosourea through the increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone [14].
• Pseudomonas maltophilia cell-wall deficient forms were induced using a medium containing carbenicillin and polyvinyl pyrrolidone [16].
• Use of an analog of prostaglandin F2 alpha (ONO-1052) in cows with luteinized ovarian cysts following treatment with an analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (TAP-031) and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone-iodine solution [17].

Biological context of Pyrrolidon

• Using either ion-exchange or reverse-phase chromatography coupled with on-line alkaline hydrolysis, we have shown 2-pyrrolidinone, the lactam of GABA, to be present in insufficient quantity to account for this increase [18].
• The endothelial monolayers showed a modest electrical resistance (21 +/- 10 delta.cm2; m +/- SD) and restricted the passage to 14C-sucrose, 3H-inulin, 14C-dextran (70 kDa), and 125I-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (125I-PVP, 360 kDa) according to their molecular mass [19].
• Rapid single nucleotide polymorphism analysis by primer extension and capillary electrophoresis using polyvinyl pyrrolidone matrix [20].
• A related cyclization/rearrangement sequence occurred when diazo ketoamides derived from the cyclic pyrrolidone and piperidone ring systems were subjected to catalytic quantities of Rh(II) acetate [21].
• The gene pcp, encoding pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase (Pcp), from Pseudomonas fluorescens MFO was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined [22].

Anatomical context of Pyrrolidon

• It was more potent than the corresponding 2-pyrrolidone derivative (2A) in alkylating muscarinic receptors in homogenates of the rat cerebral cortex [23].
• 2. Three, 4 and 5 days after corticosterone treatment there was no significant change in the uptake of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone from standard doses injected into ligated segments of the distal small intestine; nor did the treatment induce precocious replacement of the absorptive cells in this region [24].
• On the guinea pig ileum, the N-3-methyl substituted imidazolidone analogue 20 was the most potent agonist of the new compounds studied; 20 was 5-fold more potent in inducing contractions of the ileum and had 4-fold higher affinity for ileal muscarinic receptors than the 3-methyl substituted 2-pyrrolidone 6 [25].
• Large amounts of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid were found in body fluids [26].
• Separation of CFU-GM from normal human bone marrow mononuclear cells on density gradients of polyvinyl pyrrolidone coated silica gel (Percoll) [27].

Associations of Pyrrolidon with other chemical compounds

• We show that dye-specific mobility anomalies exist for 5'-fluorophor-labelled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) fragments in CE using the performance-optimized polymer 4 (POP4) buffer sieving matrix, containing the entangled poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) polymer, urea, and 2-pyrrolidinone [28].
• High-yield amination and cyclization of the chloride 15 to the pyrrolidin-2-one 16 was accomplished by a simple treatment with ammonia [29].
• [reaction: see text] A facile method for the synthesis of pyrrolidin-2-one fused N-confused calix[4]phyrins is provided by reactions of 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-2-aza-21-carbaporphyrin with acyl chlorides in the presence of triethylamine [30].
• Crilvastatin is a drug from the pyrrolidone family that had been shown to induce non-competitive inhibition of rat hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity in vitro [31].
• Chitosan-polyvinyl pyrrolidone hydrogel does not activate macrophages: potentials for transplantation applications [32].

Gene context of Pyrrolidon

• A specific antiserum against activin A/EDF was raised in rabbits using a mixture of recombinant EDF and polyvinyl pyrrolidone [33].
• In contrast, fibronectin and immunoglobulin from bovine serum, several nonserum proteins, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (a nonproteinaceous substitute for albumin in artificial plasma) were not stimulatory [34].
• Crilvastatin, a new drug from the pyrrolidone family, has been previously shown to inhibit the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, in vitro and in vivo, to reduce the absorption of dietary cholesterol and to stimulate the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the rat [35].
• In lumbar CSF of four patients, 2-pyrrolidinone represented about 54% of GABA found after acid hydrolysis, thus accounting for essentially all of the hitherto unknown GABA fraction in CSF [36].
• The pcp gene, encoding a pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase (PYRase), was cloned from a lambda GT11 genomic library prepared from Staphylococcus aureus FDA 574 and sequenced [3].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pyrrolidon

• To clarify the mechanism of substrate recognition for the unique structure of the pyrrolidone ring, x-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis were applied [37].
• Rapid molecular diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency by detecting the most common mutation in the 21-hydroxylase gene is presented using primer extension and capillary electrophoresis with a polyvinyl pyrrolidone matrix [20].
• 1. The distribution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone along the intestinal lumen and in the intestinal wall, following oral administration to normal and corticosterone treated rats, was found to be extremely variable [24].
• After treatment, the epithelial permeability of patients treated with unpreserved polyvinyl pyrrolidone 2% had decreased significantly (-37%; P less than 0.001), whereas patients who had been treated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone 2% preserved with benzalkonium chloride 0.005% showed an increase in epithelial permeability (+21%; P = 0.05%) [38].
• The total yield and the proportions of Rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with detectable T4, T8, T11 and Ia markers that were purified by density gradient centrifugation through solutions of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (Percoll) were significantly greater than those found in PBMC suspensions obtained by using Ficoll-Hypaque [39].

References