Disease relevance of Phthalandione

• Induction of type I hypersensitivity in guinea pigs after inhalation of phthalic anhydride [1].
• Mortality from lung cancer in an acetylene and phthalic anhydride plant: A case-referent study [2].
• A series of four cases of allergic contact dermatitis to phthalic anhydride/trimellitic anhydride/glycols copolymer in nail varnish [3].
• Phthalic anhydride (PA), used in the chemical industry, binds to proteins and causes allergic reactions [4].
• Out of 118 workers exposed to phthalic anhydride (PA) dust for 2 months or more in four plants producing alkyd and/or polyunsaturated polyester resins, 28 (24%) suffered from work-related rhinitis, 13 (11%) from chronic productive bronchitis, and 21 (28%) from work-associated asthma [5].

High impact information on Phthalandione

• Guinea pigs were exposed through inhalation to phthalic anhydride (PA) dust at 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/m3, 3 hours/day for 5 consecutive days [1].
• All patients had a complete investigation of atopy, RAST to chemicals released during the procedure of dialysis (ethylene oxide (Eto), formaldehyde, phthalic anhydride, and toluene diisocyanate), skin tests with the effluent, and the titration of blood eosinophils [6].
• Clinical and immunologic evaluation of trimellitic anhydride-and phthalic anhydride-exposed workers using a questionnaire with comparative analysis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent and radioimmunoassay studies [7].
• Kinetic study of the hydrolysis of phthalic anhydride and aryl hydrogen phthalates [8].
• The kinetics of the hydrolysis of phthalic anhydride and X-phenyl hydrogen phthalate (X = H, p-Me, m-Cl, and p-Cl) were studied [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Phthalandione

• Establishing clinical and immunologic criteria for diagnosis of occupational immunologic lung disease with phthalic anhydride and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride exposures as a model [9].

Biological context of Phthalandione

• Inhalation challenge of a subgroup of animals with phthalic anhydride dust did not elicit an immediate response, as measured by changes in respiratory frequency and plethysmograph pressure [1].
• Under conditions of exposure where both chemicals elicited an IgG anti-hapten antibody response, only phthalic anhydride caused an increase in the serum concentration of IgE [10].
• Exposure to PA was low in relation to the Occupational Exposure Standard (OES) [11].
• Synthesis of 3beta-O-phthalic esters from betulinic acid and its esters and synthesis of phthalic esters from betulin and its monoacetates using classical acylation procedure with phthalic anhydride [12].
• However, treatment with a non-carcinogen phthalic anhydride, also inhibits apoptosis while it does not superinduce ODC activity [13].

Anatomical context of Phthalandione

• Topical application of DNCB and PA resulted in a similar lymphocyte proliferation, while application of TMA and TDI resulted in a 1.8-fold higher proliferation [14].
• Both TMA (25% and 12.5% for sensitization and challenge, respectively) and PA (12.5% and 6.25% for sensitization and challenge, respectively) induced a Th2 response marked by an increasing production of IL-4 and IL-10 in the supernatants of ex vivo spleen cells cultured with concanavalin A and also of serum total IgE [15].
• By using phthalic anhydride or tetrachlorophthalic anhydride conjugated to human serum albumin, a study was undertaken to determine whether histamine release from basophils or lymphocyte transformation correlated with clinical symptoms, circulating anhydride specific IgE, and skin test reactivity [16].

Associations of Phthalandione with other chemical compounds

• Phenoxide ion has a very high rate constant for the reaction with phthalic anhydride, so above pH 6.20 it competes significantly with the hydrolysis of the anhydride [8].
• Phthalic anhydride was the major observed product from the OH radical-initiated reactions of all four compounds and was also formed from photolysis of phthaldialdehyde and 2-acetylbenzaldehyde [17].
• Although it has been estimated that over 600 000 workers in the United States are exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), an animal carcinogen, and that over 100 000 are exposed to phthalic anhydride (PA), few data are available on levels of phthalates in biological fluids of these workers [18].
• A retrospective cohort study was carried out in four factories (three alkyd resin factories and one cushioned flooring factory) to investigate the nature of exposure-response relationships for sensitization to phthalic anhydride (PA), trimellitic anhydride (TMA) and maleic anhydride (MA) [11].
• Repeat exposure to phthalic anhydride after treatment with cromolyn sodium showed inhibition of the late but not early bronchoconstrictive, asthmatic response [19].

Gene context of Phthalandione

• In every experiment relatively low levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 were elaborated by acid anhydride-activated LNC, with the exception of PA-stimulated LNC that displayed increased amounts of IL-12 in comparison with other acid anhydrides [20].
• Furthermore, like TMA, phthalic anhydride preferentially induced IgG2b rather than IgG2a antibody [10].
• SPE/LC/ESI/MS with phthalic anhydride derivatisation for the determination of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in sewage influent and effluent samples [21].
• In summary, the CAP and ML methods were found to be appropriate for routine diagnosis of specific IgE antibodies against the allergens HDI, MDI, TDI, and phthalic anhydride [22].
• Twenty sera showed increased levels of diisocyanate-specific IgE antibodies, and five sera were phthalic anhydride positive [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Phthalandione

• Phthalic anhydride as an impurity in industrial atmospheres: assay in air samples by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection [23].
• Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) studies revealed a weak interaction between ketoprofen and PCL and some polymer degradation was found during HPMCP50 MS storage, probably by breaking of the phthalic anhydride bond to be anyhydroglucose backbone [24].
• Positive skin tests, provocative bronchial challenges, and a high serum titer of specific IgE (by the radioallergosorbent test) to phthalic anhydride corroborated his clinical hypersensitivity [25].

References