Disease relevance of Proflavine

• Mutagenization of measles virus with proflavine produced a temperature-sensitive mutant capable of inducing hydrocephalus following intracranial inoculation of newborn hamsters [1].
• Infectious simian virus 40 (SV40) could be induced from SV40-transformed hamster cells by treatment with proflavine plus visible light or 8-MOP plus near UV radiation [2].
• Here, we describe the crystal structure of the Staphylococcus aureus multidrug-binding transcription repressor, QacR, bound simultaneously to ethidium (Et) and proflavin (Pf) [3].
• Frameshift mutations produced by proflavin in bacteriophage T4: specificity within a hotspot [4].
• The accuracy of DNA synthesis with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I with both the poly[d(A-T)] and poly[d(G-C)] templates is decreased in the presence of the intercalating agents proflavin, ethidium bromide, acridine orange, ICR-170, and ICR-191 [5].

High impact information on Proflavine

• The structure of the complex formed between the intercalating agent proflavine and fibrous native DNA was studied by one- and two-dimensional high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [6].
• The UVCD equilibrium-binding studies revealed identical affinities of Pf for QacR in the presence or absence of Et, but significantly diminished affinity of Et for QacR when Pf is prebound, findings that are readily explicable by their structures [3].
• Frameshift mutations were induced by proflavin in the rIIB gene of bacteriophage T4. rIIB DNA from each of 48 independent frameshifts was inserted into M13mp8 and sequenced [4].
• The patterns of the base sequence changes suggest that two specific phosphodiester bonds within the hotspot sequence are sites at which proflavin-induced mutation is initiated [4].
• Transient removal of proflavine inhibition of bovine beta-trypsin by the bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz). A case for "chronosteric effects" [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of Proflavine

• The accessibility of the 3'-ends of E. coli in various states has been probed by reaction, after periodate oxidation, with the fluorescent dye proflavine semicarbazide [8].
• Photodynamic treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected hamster embryo fibroblasts (LSH strain) with a low concentration of proflavine (0.08 mug/10(5) cells per ml), a 3-9-diamine acridine dye, inhibited production not only of infectious progeny but also of virion particles [9].
• Twenty-four genetically stable temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus were isolated after mutangenesis by 5-azacytidine, 5 fluorouracil, or proflavine [10].
• Ethidium bromide, proflavine, and mitomycin C were strongly lethal but weakly mutagenic to the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. With a view to studying the mode of action of these weak mutagens, their binding to Nostoc DNA was studied [11].
• Alteration of guanine residues during proflavine mediated photosensitization of DNA [12].

Biological context of Proflavine

• When alpha-chymotrypsin in unbuffered solution at pH 7 is mixed with buffered proflavin by stopped flow instrumentation to give a final pH of 3.89, a decrease in active sites occurs, as measured by a decrease in enzyme-dye complex [13].
• One proflavin is asymmetrically intercalated between the base pairs and the other is stacked above them [14].
• The kinetics of the reaction were followed by monitoring either the intensity or the polarization of the fluorescence of both wybutine and proflavine located in the anticodon loop or of proflavine located in the D loop of yeast tRNAPhe or N-AcPhe-tRNAPhe [15].
• The role of DNA sequence-specific interactions of proflavin with DNA in proflavin mutagenesis is discussed [16].
• This increase is (i) caused by an increase in the solid support-free mu (muo) of the procapsid, not a decrease in its radius, and (ii) not prevented by either genetically or chemically (use of proflavine) blocking DNA packaging [17].

Anatomical context of Proflavine

• The direct effect of proflavine on these processes, as monitored in a reconstituted cell-free system, supports the theory that base-paired segments (i.e. hairpin loops) in the precursor RNA's are involved as recognition sites in nuclear RNA processing [18].
• Flow cytometric analysis of proflavine uptake into normal rat hepatocytes and cells arising during AAF-induced hepatocarcinogenesis [19].
• We examined the possibility that the transfer involved membrane-bound vesicles, by taking advantage of the fact that the fluorescent compound, 3,6-acridinediamine, N,N,N,',N'-tetramethylmonohydride [acridine orange (AO)], rapidly and selectively stains vesicular structures in glial cells surrounding the giant axon [20].
• Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors were exposed to mitomycin C 0.01 microgram/ml, proflavine 0.4 microgram/ml, and 3H-uridine 3.7 Bq/ml and analyzed for the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) [21].
• Equilibria and kinetics of the intercalation of Pt-proflavine and proflavine into calf thymus DNA [22].

Associations of Proflavine with other chemical compounds

• Additional experiments showed that binding to thrombin of two competitive thrombin inhibitors, i.e. proflavin and p-aminobenzamidine, is characterized by a change in the standard heat capacity change (delta Cp), approximately equal to -1 kcal/mol K [23].
• In vitro studies showed that methylene blue, neutral red, and proflavine were capable of killing these fungi when used in conjunction with broad-spectrum light [24].
• No significant differences were found for the antithrombin reactions (measured by proflavin displacement or active site titration) with respect to kinetics, extent of reaction, or effect of added heparin [25].
• Several other 9-anilinoacridine derivatives, and also 9-hydroxyellipticine, caused quenching of ethidium-DNA fluorescence, whereas 9-aminoacridine, proflavin, and ellipticine had no effect [26].
• Values for the acylation rate constant, k2, and the binding constant, KS, were obtained by using measurements of phenolate release, for the p-nitrophenyl esters, and proflavin displacement, for the ethyl esters [27].

Gene context of Proflavine

• The observation that proflavine competes with Rev for binding to RRE-IIB by binding as a dimer to a single high-affinity site opens the possibility for rational drug design based on linking and modifying it and related compounds [28].
• In cultures at a specific stage, proflavine showed decreased mutagenesis in a recA as compared with a wildtupe or uvrB derivative [29].
• Proflavine was bound most strongly to PLA2 and Ans and Tns were bound to the three proteins with comparable affinities [30].
• The effect of proflavine on pyruvate kinase I of Escherichia coli B [31].
• The formation of the bovine beta-trypsin-bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) (BPTI) complex was monitored, making use of three different signals: proflavine displacement, optical density changes in the ultraviolet region, and the loss of the catalytic activity [7].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Proflavine

• Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that all of the iron in the enzyme became reduced upon the addition of a redox mediator, proflavin, to the dithionite reduced enzyme at pH 8 [32].
• A 2:2 complex of proflavine and deoxycytidylyl-3', 5'-guanosine has been crystallized and its structure determined by x-ray crystallography [14].
• The uptake of the fluorescent drug proflavine was measured in suspensions of hepatocytes from normal and carcinogen (2-acetylaminofluorine, AAF)-fed rats by flow cytometry [19].
• Under the conditions by which this study was conducted, there was no apparent difference in the time of healing of lesions, development of recurrences, or virus isolation following treatment in the proflavine-treated and control groups [33].
• Fractionation of of proteolytic enzymes by affinity chromatography on sepharose aminocaproyl proflavin [34].

References